https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8128-0379
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ABSTRACT
Hexaconazole (HEX), a widely used triazole fungicide in agriculture, was investigated for its hepatotoxic effects on albino Wistar rats. Compared to the control rats, the treated rats showed a significant increase in absolute and relative liver weight over both 3 months (p < 0.05) and 6 months (p < 0.001). Oxidative biomarkers indicated a notable rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) by 137% (p < 0.001), increased reduced glutathione (GSH) by 32% (p < 0.01), and significant reductions in antioxidant enzymes, including a 63% decrease in catalase (CAT, p < 0.001) and a 15% decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD, p < 0.01). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels also decreased significantly after 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). The micronucleus test in liver cells indicated an elevation in the appearance of micronuclei in rats treated with HEX for 6 months (p < 0.01). This study demonstrates, for the first time, that HEX can induce genotoxicity in the liver.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Abbreviations
| ANOVA | = | Analysis of variance |
| CAS | = | Chemical abstracts service |
| CAT | = | Catalase |
| CNS | = | Central nervous system |
| DTNB | = | 5,5’-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) |
| EC | = | European Council |
| EDTA | = | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
| FBS | = | Foetal bovine serum |
| GSH | = | Reduced glutathione |
| GST | = | Glutathione S-transferase |
| HBSS | = | Hanks’ balanced salt solution |
| HEX | = | Hexaconazole |
| HSD | = | Honestly significant difference |
| LD50 | = | Lethal dose 50 |
| LPO | = | Lipid peroxidation |
| MDA | = | Malondialdehyde |
| NBT | = | Nitroblue tetrazolium |
| ROS | = | Reactive oxygen species |
| SC | = | Suspended concentrate |
| SOD | = | Superoxide dismutase |
| TBARS | = | Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances |
Ethical statement
The experimental protocols conducted in the laboratory, encompassing all aspects of animal procedures, handling, housing, and euthanasia, received approval from the Bioethics Consultative Commission of the Faculty of Sciences in Agadir (Reference Number: FCR-AE-06/2023–0001).
Data availability statement
Upon reasonable request, the corresponding author will provide the data supporting the findings of this study.