Bidenomics in the Indo-Pacific: Strategic Implications

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Notes

1 Guy C. Charlton and Xiang Gao, “The US Indo-Pacific Strategy’s Weakest Link,” Diplomat, February 10, 2023, https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/the-u-s-indo-pacific-strategys-weakest-link/; Van Jackson, “America’s Asia Strategy Has Reached a Dead End,” Foreign Policy, January 9, 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/01/09/us-southeast-asia-china-biden-economic-strategy-geopolitics/.

2 Edward White, “Asia faces one of worst economic outlooks in half a century, World Bank warns,” Financial Times, October 1, 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/f6c4aa1c-811c-490c-bb3a-c41d768b5bc1.

3 Kathleen Claussen, “Trade’s Mini-Deals,” Virginia Journal of International Law 62, no. 2 (2022).

4 Inu Manak, “Biden Is Rewriting the Rules on Trade-and Americans Should Be Worried,” Foreign Policy, April 28, 2023, https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/28/ira-trade-ustr-tai-biden-congress-fta/.

5 Ana Swanson, “U.S. And Japan Reach Deal on Battery Minerals,” New York Times, March 28, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/27/business/economy/us-japan-battery-minerals-deal.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare.

6 Inu Manak, “Congress Asserts Its Trade Authority with Taiwan Trade Deal,” Council on Foreign Relations, August 8, 2023, https://www.cfr.org/blog/congress-asserts-its-trade-authority-taiwan-trade-deal.

7 Jackie Northam, “Biden ends Hanoi trip by making trade agreement with Vietnam,” NPR, September 11, 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/09/11/1198805458/biden-ends-hanoi-trip-by-making-trade-agreement-with-vietnam.

8 Yeo Han-koo, “CPTPP countries should use recent momentum to expand and upgrade the trade agreement,” Peterson Institute for International Economics, August 14, 2023, https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economics/cptpp-countries-should-use-recent-momentum-expand-and-upgrade-trade.

9 Karl Friedhoff and Lama El Baz, “Most Americans See Value in International Trade,” Chicago Council Survey, October 8, 2023, https://globalaffairs.org/research/public-opinion-survey/most-americans-see-value-international-trade.

10 Daisuke Wakabayashi and Tripp Mickle, “Tech Companies Slowly Shift Production Away from China,” New York Times, September 1, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/business/tech-companies-china.html.

11 Lauly Li, “US chip tool makers eye Southeast Asia a China business shrinks,” Nikkei Asia, February 10, 2023, https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade-war/U.S.-chip-tool-makers-eye-Southeast-Asia-as-China-business-shrinks.

12 Jeanne Whalen, “Western suppliers cut ties with Chinese chipmakers as US curbs bite,” Washington Post, September 17, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/17/export-controls-us-china-chips/.

13 Stephen Nellis and Max A. Cherney, “US curbs AI chip exports from Nvidia and AMD to some Middle East countries,” Reuters, August 31, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-restricts-exports-some-nvidia-chips-middle-east-countries-filing-2023-08-30/.

14 Lien Hoang, “Yellen urges Asia to tap CHIPS Act funds for semiconductors,” Nikkei Asia, July 21, 2023, https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Tech/Semiconductors/Yellen-urges-Asia-to-tap-CHIPS-Act-funds-for-semiconductors.

15 White House, “Early Signs That Bidenomics is Attracting New Foreign Investment in US Manufacturing,” White House, August 23, 2023, https://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/written-materials/2023/08/23/early-signs-that-bidenomics-is-attracting-new-foreign-investment-in-u-s-manufacturing/.

16 Marthe M. Hinojales, The US Inflation Reduction Act and ASEAN+3 Electric Vehicle Exports: Mountain or Molehill? ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, June 30, 2023, https://amro-asia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AMRO-Analytical-Note_US-IRA-and-ASEAN3-EVs_Mountain-or-Molehill-June-30-2023.pdf.

17 Jeff Amy, “Hyundai hastens Georgia EV plant startup to reap IRA incentives,” Associated Press, September 19, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/hyundai-georgia-battery-plant-evs-66098271d809b6a620029f9d2b8074ec.

18 Gayatri Suroyo, “Indonesia proposes critical minerals trade deal with US,” Reuters, November 7, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/business/indonesia-proposes-critical-minerals-trade-deal-with-us-2023-09-07/#:~:text=JAKARTA%2C%20Sept%207%20(Reuters),Indonesian%20ministry%20said%20on%20Thursday; Takeo Kumagai, “Japan, US in pact for critical minerals supply chain; Tokyo expects EV tax benefits,” S&P Global, March 28, 2023, https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/032823-japan-us-in-pact-for-critical-minerals-supply-chain-tokyo-expects-ev-tax-benefits.

19 Heidi Crebo-Rediker and Douglas Rediker, “A Real Foreign Policy for the Middle Class: How to Help American Workers and Project American Power,” Foreign Affairs, April 19, 2022, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2022-04-19/real-foreign-policy-middle-class.

20 Ji Siqi, “US Congress considers new legislation to further restrict investment in Chinese tech sectors,” South China Morning Post, January 31, 2024, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3250360/us-congress-considers-new-legislation-further-restrict-investment-chinese-tech-sectors.

21 Allysia Finley, “When Big Business Married Big Government,” Wall Street Journal, March 26, 2023, https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-big-business-married-big-government-biden-handouts-subsidies-chips-banking-svb-bailout-social-policy-59096477.

22 The White House, “Remarks by National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan on the Biden-⁠Harris Administration’s National Security Strategy,” October 12, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/10/13/remarks-by-national-security-advisor-jake-sullivan-on-the-biden-harris-administrations-national-security-strategy/.

23 Shawn Donnan and Enda Curran, “The Global Economy Enters an Era of Upheaval,” Bloomberg, September 18, 2023, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2023-geopolitical-investments-economic-shift/?ai=eyJpc1N1YnNjcmliZWQiOnRydWUsImFydGljbGVSZWFkIjpmYWxzZSwiYXJ0aWNsZUNvdW50IjowLCJ3YWxsSGVpZ2h0IjoxfQ==.

24 John Gerard Ruggie. Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization (New York: Routledge, 1998).

25 “Biden leads US tech push as he wraps up historic Vietnam visit,” France 24, September 11, 2023, https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230911-biden-leads-us-tech-execs-in-vietnam-talks.

26 Chris Cumming, “Biden’s China Order Raises Tough Questions for Private Equity,” Wall Street Journal, August 11, 2023, https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-china-order-raises-tough-questions-for-private-equity-e1b8b71.

27 Office of Congressional and Public Affairs, “BIS Imposes $300 million penalty against Seagate technology LLC related to shipments to Huawei,” Bureau of Industry and Security, April 19, 2023, https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/about-bis/newsroom/press-releases/3264-2023-04-19-bis-press-release-seagate-settlement/file.

28 David J. Lynch and Tony Room, “Biden scraps reliance on market for faith in broader government role,” Washington Post, March 6, 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2023/03/06/biden-industrial-policy-business-government/.

29 Cagan Koc and Jenny Leonard, “Biden Wins Deal With Netherlands, Japan on China Chip Export Limit,” Bloomberg, January 27, 2023, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-27/biden-wins-deal-with-dutch-japan-on-china-chip-export-controls?embedded-checkout=true.

30 Hoang Thi Ha and Cha Hae Won, “Biden Administration and Southeast Asia: Realpolitik the Name of the Game,” Fulcrum, September 21, 2023, https://fulcrum.sg/biden-administration-and-southeast-asia-realpolitik-the-name-of-the-game/.

31 Marc E. Knapper and Mira Rapp-Hopper, “Digital Press Briefing with Marc E. Knapper, U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam and Dr. Mira Rapp-Hooper, Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for East Asia and Oceania, National Security Council,” US Department of State, September 13, 2023, https://www.state.gov/digital-press-briefing-with-marc-e-knapper-u-s-ambassador-to-vietnam-and-dr-mira-rapp-hooper-special-assistant-to-the-president-and-senior-director-for-east-asia-and-oceania-national-security-co/.

32 The White House, “FACT SHEET: U.S.-ASEAN Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, One Year On,” September 5, 2023, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/09/05/fact-sheet-u-s-asean-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-one-year-on/.

33 The White House, “FACT SHEET: The U.S.-Japan Competitiveness and Resilience (CoRe) Partnership,” May 23, 2033, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/23/fact-sheet-the-u-s-japan-competitiveness-and-resilience-core-partnership/.

34 The White House, “The Spirit of Camp David: Joint Statement of Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the United States,” August 18, 2023, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/08/18/the-spirit-of-camp-david-joint-statement-of-japan-the-republic-of-korea-and-the-united-states/; The White House, “United States-Republic of Korea Leaders’ Joint Statement,” May 21, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/21/united-states-republic-of-korea-leaders-joint-statement/.

35 The White House, “FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces New Actions to Strengthen America’s Supply Chains, Lower Costs for Families, and Secure Key Sectors,” November 27, 2023, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/27/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-new-actions-to-strengthen-americas-supply-chains-lower-costs-for-families-and-secure-key-sectors/.

36 The White House, “FACT SHEET: In Asia, President Biden and a Dozen Indo-Pacific Partners Launch the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity,” May, 23, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/23/fact-sheet-in-asia-president-biden-and-a-dozen-indo-pacific-partners-launch-the-indo-pacific-economic-framework-for-prosperity/.

37 United States Trade Representative, “Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity Agreement Relating to Supply Chain Resilience,” United States Trade Representative, May 27, 2023, https://www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2023-09/2023-09-07-IPEF-Pillar-II-Final-Text-Public-Release.pdf.

38 Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs, Kyla H. Kitamura, and Mark E. Manyin, “Indo-Pacific Framework for Economic Prosperity (IPEC),” Congressional Research Service, December 14, 2023, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12373#:~:text=Some%20Members%20of%20Congress%20and,strategic%20aims%20in%20the%20region.

39 Erin Murphy, “IPEF: Three Pillars Succeed, One Falters,” CSIS, November 21, 2023, https://www.csis.org/analysis/ipef-three-pillars-succeed-one-falters.

40 Admiral John C. Aquilino, “US INDOPACOM Command Posture,” US INDOPACOM, April 18, 2023, https://armedservices.house.gov/sites/republicans.armedservices.house.gov/files/2023%20INDOPACOM%20Statement%20for%20the%20Record.pdf.

41 Ryo Aihara, “重要鉱物の供給網強化、日米が協定署名へ　日本関連 EV も税制優遇 [Japan and US sign agreement to strengthen supply chain for important minerals; Japan-related EVs also receive tax breaks],” Asahi, March 28, 2023, https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASR3X3JGPR3XUTFK002.html.

42 “自工会会長、バッテリー重要鉱物に関する日米政府の合意を「歓迎」[Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association president “welcomes’’ agreement between the Japanese and U.S. governments on important battery minerals],” Response, March 30, 2023, https://response.jp/article/2023/03/30/369278.html.

43 “先端半導体を中心とする米国の対中戦略 [US strategy toward China centered on cutting-edge semiconductors],” NRI, July 13, 2023, https://www.nri.com/jp/knowledge/blog/lst/2023/fis/kiuchi/0713.

44 Hitori Suzuki, “半導体装置 23 品目規制　中国への輸出、先端品難しく[Regulations on 23 items of semiconductor equipment make it difficult to export advanced products to China],” Nikkei, March 31, 2023, https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUA30AXZ0Q3A330C2000000/.

45 “重要鉱物の供給網強化で日米協定、日本メーカーもＥＶ税優遇対象に＝経産相[Japan-U.S. agreement to strengthen supply chain for important minerals; Japanese manufacturers also eligible for EV tax benefits: Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry],” Reuters, March 27, 2023, https://jp.reuters.com/article/jpn-us-ev-idJPKBN2VU01L.

46 Tohide Kiuchi, “IPEF 閣僚会合がサプライチェーン協定で合意：参加国間で「同床異夢」の側面も[IPEF ministerial meeting agrees on supply chain agreement: Participating countries also have aspects of “different dreams on the same bed],” NRI, June 1, 2023, https://www.nri.com/jp/knowledge/blog/lst/2023/fis/kiuchi/0601.

47 Masahiko Hosokawa, “バイデン大統領主導の新経済圏　アジアに「実利」はあるか [Does the new economic zone led by President Biden have any “practical benefits” in Asia?],” Nikkei Business, May 24, 2022, https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/seminar/19/00133/00078/.

48 Zheng Minsheng, “台美第一個經貿協議將簽署　美國標準能讓台灣重回經貿舞台 [The first economic and trade agreement between Taiwan and the United States will sign U.S. standards. Can Taiwan return to the economic and trade stage?],” Tianxia, March 10, 2023, https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5124959.

49 Liu Peizhen, “美中科技戰　重創中國半導體產業 [The U.S.-China technology war has severely damaged China’s semiconductor industry],” Taiwan Institute of Economic Research, October 27, 2022, https://www.tier.org.tw/comment/pec1010.aspx?GUID=fae072cf-96f5-4440-948d-6b02f2f5e61a.

50 Qiu Junrong, 美中貿易戰下的台灣產業發展 轉機 [Taiwan’s industrial development under the US-China trade war: turning point], New Century Think Tank Forum 89 (2020).

51 Xu Yuren, “確保更強大的「美台科技供應鏈」夥伴關係 [Ensure a stronger "U.S.-Taiwan technology supply chain" partnership],” Tianxia, May 3, 2022, https://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/190/article/12230.

52 Qiu Wanjun, “美國 IRA 商機爆發：電動車零組件新政策，台灣有哪些潛在機會？ [US IRA business opportunities explode: With the new policy on electric vehicle components, what are the potential opportunities in Taiwan?],” Business Today, April 28, 2023, https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/183025/post/202304280045/.

53 Bureau of International Trade, Ministry of Economic Affairs, “美國 IRA 法案的最大贏家是外國公司 [The Biggest Winners from the US IRA Bill are Foreign Companies],” Taiwan Trade, July 28, 2023, https://info.taiwantrade.com/biznews/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8Bira%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%8F%E5%AE%B6%E6%98%AF%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8-2658767.html.

54 Lin Hongwen, “台灣加入 Chip 4 損失最大？美國晶片法案對南韓「開後門」，台積電和政府應該爭取最好條 [Taiwan’s biggest losses from joining Chip 4? The U.S. chip bill "opens a back door" to South Korea, TSMC and the government should strive for the best conditions],” Business Today, September 5, 2022, https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/183025/post/202209050006/.

55 Zheng Zhiyi, “美依賴台灣晶片不安全？官員：現有分工模式最有利 [Is it unsafe for the United States to rely on Taiwanese chips? Official: The existing division of labor model is most beneficial],” Technews, April 21, 2023, https://technews.tw/2023/04/21/taiwan-chip-usa/.

56 Zhang Xuhua, “美IPEF首輪未納台灣 外交部表遺憾將持續爭取 [US IPEF failed to include Taiwan in the first round, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed regret and will continue to fight for it],” Radio Taiwan International, May 22, 2023, https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2133629.

57 Wu Sezhi, “台美要建立強韌的信賴關係對抗中國的專制擴張 [Taiwan and the United States must build a strong relationship of trust to counter China’s authoritarian expansion],” RTI, January 23, 2024, https://insidechina.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2193753.

58 Chen Zihua, “駁北京戰爭和平說 吳釗燮：賴清德盼維持兩岸現狀 [Refuting Beijing’s war and peace theory Joseph Wu: Lai Ching-te hopes to maintain the status quo across the Taiwan Strait],” RTI, January 30, 2024, https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2194513.

59 Lili Handayani, “Indonesia Mengusulkan FTA Mineral Kritis dengan AS [Indonesia Proposes Critical Minerals FTA with US],” Media Nikel Indonesia, April 11, 2023, https://nikel.co.id/2023/04/11/indonesia-mengusulkan-fta-mineral-kritis-dengan-as/.

60 Luki Aulia, “AS-RI: Besar di Potensi, Semenjana di Realisasi [US-Indonesia: Great in Potential, Mediocre in Realization],” Kompas, March 9, 2022, https://www.kompas.id/baca/internasional/2022/03/08/manfaatkan-posisi-penting-indonesia.

61 Aprilia Hariani, “Indonesia-AS Bahas Perdagangan Bebas Terbatas [Indonesia-US Discuss Limited Free Trade],” Pajak.com, April 5, 2023, https://www.pajak.com/keuangan/indonesia-as-bahas-perdagangan-bebas-terbatas/.

62 Rahayu Subekti, “AS Gagas Friendshoring, Indonesia Punya Peluang [US Initiates Friendshoring , Indonesia Has an Opportunity],” Republika, August 2, 2023, https://ekonomi.republika.co.id/berita/rpr3go502/as-gagas-friendshoring-indonesia-punya-peluang.

63 Raynard Kristian and Bonanio Pardede “Peluang Mineral Indonesia Bersaing di AS-Eropa Masih Terbuka [Opportunities for Indonesian Minerals to Compete in the US-Europe are Still Open],” Kompas, April 28, 2023, https://www.kompas.id/baca/ekonomi/2023/04/28/peluang-mineral-indonesia-masuk-as-eropa-masih-terbuka-lebar.

64 Mahanum Abdul Aziz, “Perang dagang AS-China berpotensi manfaatkan Malaysia [The US-China trade war has the potential to benefit Malaysia],” Bharian, April 14, 2023, https://www.bharian.com.my/bisnes/lain-lain/2023/04/1089939/perang-dagang-china-berpotensi-manfaatkan-malaysia.

65 Malaysian Investment Development Authority, “Malaysia dijangka tarik pelaburan RM14.62 bilion dari AS [Malaysia is expected to attract investment of RM14.62 billion from the US],” Malaysian Investment Development Authority, May 1, 2022, https://www.mida.gov.my/ms/berita-mida/malaysia-dijangka-tarik-pelaburan-rm14-62-bilion-dari-as/.

66 “Malaysia berkedudukan kukuh tarik pelaburan dari China [Malaysia is firmly positioned to attract investment from China],” Bharian, September 11, 2023, https://pre-www.bharian.com.my/bisnes/lain-lain/2023/09/1151797/malaysia-berkedudukan-kukuh-tarik-pelaburan-dari-china.

67 “MITI saran rakan IPEF bina integrasi vertikal rantaian bekalan [MITI advises IPEF partners to build vertical integration of supply chains],” Bharian, May 30, 2023, https://www.bharian.com.my/bisnes/lain-lain/2023/05/1107964/miti-saran-rakan-ipef-bina-integrasi-vertikal-rantaian-bekalan.

68 Chu Van Lam, “Mở ra những cơ hội hợp tác kinh tế mới giữa Việt Nam – Hoa Kỳ [Opens up new economic cooperation opportunities between Vietnam and the United States],” VNEconomy, September 20, 2023, https://vneconomy.vn/mo-ra-nhung-co-hoi-hop-tac-kinh-te-moi-giua-viet-nam-hoa-ky.htm.

69 Alexander Vuving, “Việt - Mỹ thắt chặt quan hệ, không để Trung Quốc "lộng hành" ở Biển Đông [Vietnam - America tightened relations, not letting China "run rampant" in the East Sea],” RFI, September 4, 2023, https://tredeponline.com/2023/09/viet-my-that-chat-quan-he-khong-de-trung-quoc-long-hanh-o-bien-dong/.

70 Duy Linh, “Thủ tướng: Hợp tác kinh tế là động cơ vĩnh cửu thúc đẩy quan hệ Việt - Mỹ [Prime Minister: Economic cooperation is the eternal engine promoting Vietnam-US relations],” Tuoitre, September 20, 2023, https://tuoitre.vn/thu-tuong-hop-tac-kinh-te-la-dong-co-vinh-cuu-thuc-day-quan-he-viet-my-20230920123040822.htm.

71 “Doanh nghiệp Việt - Mỹ sẽ hợp tác công nghệ bán dẫn, đổi mới sáng tạo [Vietnamese - American businesses will cooperate in semiconductor technology and innovation],” VNExpress, September 1, 2023, https://vnexpress.net/doanh-nghiep-viet-my-se-hop-tac-cong-nghe-ban-dan-doi-moi-sang-tao-4651900.html.

72 Trúc Thanh Lê, “IPEF: Tăng cường hợp tác giữa Mỹ và các đối tác ở châu Á [IPEF: Strengthening cooperation between the US and partners in Asia],” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, May 24, 2022, https://ngkt.mofa.gov.vn/ipef-tang-cuong-hop-tac-giua-my-va-cac-doi-tac-o-chau-a/.

73 Wang Fan, “基于优势理念的美国霸权战略及其局限 [US hegemony strategy based on the concept of superiority and its limitations], International Studies 6 (no. 218): 2023.

74 Hu Xiaopeng and Su Ning, “中美经济“脱钩”的政策解析以及对两岸关系的影响 [Policy analysis of Sino-US economic "decoupling" and its impact on cross-strait relations],” Taiwan Studies Journal 4, 2022.

75 Shi Yinhong, “美国对华战略中的印太联盟 [The Indo-Pacific Alliance in the U.S. Strategy toward China],” Aisixiang, October 11, 2023, https://www.aisixiang.com/data/146592.html.

76 Shi Yinhong, “美国同盟和联盟体系的对华军事态势现状 [Current status of US alliances and alliance systems’ military posture toward China],” Institute for Global Cooperation and Understanding, Peking University, November 10, 2023, http://igcu.pku.edu.cn/info/1243/6290.htm.

77 Gong Xiaofei, “拜登政府国家安全战略及其对华政策规划 [The Biden Administration’s National Security Strategy and China Policy Plan],” Aisixiang, November 21, 2023, https://www.aisixiang.com/data/147413.html.

78 Li Shuai, “意识形态：美国对华战略竞争的重要武器 [Ideology: an important weapon in the United States’ strategic competition with China],” World Socialism Studies 7, 2023.

79 Gao Cheng, “美国对华战略竞争与亚太地区秩序演变 [The strategic competition between the United States and China and the evolution of order in the Asia-Pacific region],” Contemporary World 11, 2023.

80 Zhao Minghao, “拜登政府对外战略在应对地缘冲突和推进战略竞争之间权衡 [The Biden administration’s foreign strategy weighs the balance between responding to geopolitical conflicts and advancing strategic competition],” Institute for Global Cooperation and Understanding, February 17, 2023, http://igcu.pku.edu.cn/info/1959/5061.htm.