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Abstract
This study examines the spatiotemporal background of golf course construction disputes in Taiwan and identifies the factors that have affected the policies regulating golf course construction. Our analysis covers three main periods: the one-party dictatorship (1981–1990), the period of continuous controversy (1991–1996), and the period of missed opportunities (1997–2022). Herein, we review official government documents to construct an analytical framework based on three indicator streams, namely, problem, politics, and policy, as proposed by Kingdon (1984). The conclusions are as follows: (1) These three streams developed independently between 1981 and 1990. (2) From 1991 to 1996, political decisions were influenced by emerging problems, and policy options were not yet open. (3) From 1997 to 2022, there was frequent interaction among the three streams; however, when the policy window opened, the issue of golf course siting was ignored because other social issues had emerged, and golf courses were eventually excluded from the agenda. We also found that the factors influencing policy change are nongovernmental organisations, political parties, and stakeholders and that the ruling party plays an especially key role.
Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
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11 Camargo, Piggin, and Mezzadri, ‘The Politics of Sport Funding in Brazil’.
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16 Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies.
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18 Zhi-kui Geng, ‘A Study on the Regulation of Golf Course’ (Master diss., Chinese Culture University, 1995).
19 Nikolaos Zahariadis, ‘The Multiple Streams Framework: Structure, Limitations, Prospects’, Theories of the Policy Process, (2007): 65–92.
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21 Zhi-kui Geng, ‘Research on Golf Course Regulation’ (Master diss., Private Chinese Culture University, 1995).
22 The Legislative Yuan, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1993): 432.
23 Rui-cheng Zeng, ‘Research on Taiwan’s School Sports Policy (1949-1997)’ (Master diss., National Taiwan Normal University, 2000).
24 Lin and Lee, ‘The Progression of Bikeways Policy Change in Taiwan’.
25 Weng, ‘Research on the Development of Golf in Taiwan (from 1991 to 2002)’.
26 The Legislative Yuan, ‘Minutes of the Fifteenth Joint Meeting of the Committee on Budget, Economy, Finance, and Transportation of the Legislative Yuan to Examine the Budgets of the Subsidiary Units of the 1984 General Budget of the Central Government’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 72, no. 93 (1983): 169.
27 The Legislative Yuan, Legislative Yuan Gazette 72, no. 93 (1983): 167–8.
28 The Legislative Yuan, ‘Committee Records’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 75, no. 23 (1986).
29 The Legislative Yuan, ‘Committee Records’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 73, no. 18 (1984). The Legislative Yuan, ‘Committee Records’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 75, no. 27 (1986).
30 Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies.
31 Ibid.
32 Poulton, ‘Tackling Antisemitism within English Football’.
33 Min He and Jin-liang He, ‘Management and Operation of Golf Courses in Taiwan’, Sports Management, no. 1 (2001): 50–1.
34 The Legislative Yuan, ‘Minutes of the First Joint Meeting of the Committee on Education, Economic Affairs, Home Affairs and Border Affairs of the Second Session of the Legislative Yuan’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1993): 436.
35 Chen, ‘In Situ Legalization of Illegal Golf Courses in Taiwan’.
36 Zi’e Chen, ‘Research on the Adaptive Utilization of Hillside Development as A Golf Course’ (Master diss., National Taiwan University, 1990).
37 Huang, ‘The Role of Taiwan’s Judicial System in Environmental Protection from Golf Course Lawsuits’.
38 Brydie Clarke, Boyd Swinburn, and Gary Sacks, ‘The Application of Theories of the Policy Process to Obesity Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis’, BMC Public Health 16 (2016): 1084.
39 The Legislative Yuan, ‘Committee Records’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1994).
40 The Legislative Yuan, ‘Minutes of the First Joint Meeting of the Committee on Education, Economic Affairs, Home Affairs and Border Affairs of the Second Session of the Legislative Yuan’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1993): 437–8.
41 Yi-bang Wang, ‘Review and Prospect of Golf in Taiwan’, Journal of Body Culture, no. 7 (2008): 43–65.
42 Geng, ‘Research on Golf Course Regulation’.
43 Xin-min Shi, ‘Ecological Conservation Movement’, Taiwan Environmental Protection Movement Historical Materials Collection, no. 1 (2006): 709–12.
44 The Legislative Yuan, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1993): 444.
45 Ibid., 443.
46 Poulton, ‘Tackling Antisemitism within English Football’.
47 Chen, ‘In Situ Legalization of Illegal Golf Courses in Taiwan’.
48 The Legislative Yuan, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1993): 446–7.
49 Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies.
50 Rui-fen Chen, ‘Discuss the Development of Marriage Equality Issues from the Perspective of Multiple Processes’, State and Society, no. 20 (2018): 165–210.
51 Zahariadis, ‘Ambiguity and Multiple Streams’.
52 Wang Yibang, ‘Review and Prospect of Golf in Taiwan’, Journal of Body Culture, no. 7 (2008): 43–65.
53 The Legislative Yuan, ‘Minutes of the First Joint Meeting of the Committee on Education, Economic Affairs, Home Affairs and Border Affairs of the Second Session of the Legislative Yuan’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1993): 443.
54 The Legislative Yuan, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1993): 437–47.
55 Alex McInch and Scott Fleming, ‘Sport Policy Formation and Enactment in Post-devolution Wales: 1999-2020’, International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 14, no. 2 (2022):225–37.
56 Ya-wen Huang and Tien-chin Tan, ‘Sport-for-all Policy in Taiwan: A Case of Ongoing Change’, Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science 4, no. 2 (2015): 1–14.
57 Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies.
58 Clarke, Swinburn, and Sacks, ‘The Application of Theories of the Policy Process to Obesity Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis’.
59 The Executive Yuan, ‘The Discussion of the Golf Course Rectification Situation’, Legislative Yuan Gazette (1995).
60 Ibid.
61 The Legislative Yuan, ‘Committee Records’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1994).
62 The Legislative Yuan, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1993): 446.
63 Ibid., 445.
64 Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies.
65 The Legislative Yuan, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1993): 463–4.
66 Zahariadis, ‘Ambiguity and Multiple Streams’.
67 Sheng-chung Lin, ‘The Evolution of Environmental Campaigns in Taiwan’, Green Citizens’ Action Alliance Newsletter, September 15, 2020.
68 The Legislative Yuan, Legislative Yuan Gazette 83, no. 4 (1993): 441–2.
69 Lin and Lee, ‘The Progression of Bikeways Policy Change in Taiwan’.
70 The Legislative Yuan, ‘Minutes of the 11th Meeting of the Fifth Session of the Third Legislative Yuan Education Committee’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 87, no. 16 (1998): 452.
71 The Legislative Yuan Gazette, ‘Minutes of the Eighteenth Meeting of the Fifth Session of the Fourth Legislative Yuan Education and Culture Committee’, Legislative Yuan Gazette 90, no. 42 (2001): 101.
72 Nikolaos Zahariadis, Ambiguity and Choice in Public Policy: Political Decision Making in Modern Democracies (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003).
73 The Legislative Yuan, Legislative Yuan Gazette 87, no. 16 (1998): 447–8.
74 Brydie Clarke, Boyd Swinburn, and Gary Sacks, ‘Understanding Health Promotion Policy Processes: A Study of the Government Adoption of the Achievement Program in Victoria, Australia’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (2018): 2393.
75 Zahariadis, ‘Ambiguity and Multiple Streams’.
76 Lin and Lee, ‘The Progression of Bikeways Policy Change in Taiwan’.
77 The Legislative Yuan Gazette, Legislative Yuan Gazette 90, no. 42 (2001): 101.
78 The Legislative Yuan, Legislative Yuan Gazette 87, no. 16 (1998): 440–2.
79 The Executive Yuan, ‘Resolution of the 2884th Session of the Executive Yuan’, Legislative Yuan Gazette (2004).
80 Hamish Rogers and Tania Cassidy, ‘Quest for Success: The Micro-Politics Associated with the Inception and Development of a Secondary School Sport Academy’, Routledge 6, no. 2 (2015): 161–74.
81 Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies.
82 Masoud Behzadifar, Hasan Abolghasem Gorji1, Aziz Rezapour, and Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, ‘The Hepatitis C Infection in Iran: A Policy Analysis of Agenda-setting Using Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework’, Health Research Policy and Systems 17, no. 30 (2019).
83 Poulton, ‘Tackling Antisemitism within English Football’.
84 Ya-wen Huang, ‘The Ruling Elite and Taiwan’s National Movement Policy Changes: Take Ma Ying-Jeou’s Plan to Improve the National Movement Environment and Create a Sports Island as an Example’ (Master diss., National Taiwan Normal University, 2013).
85 Department of Sports, Ministry of Education, ‘Report of Golf-course Management’, Sport Policy White Paper, no. 1 (2013): 1–103.
86 Camargo, Piggin, and Mezzadri, ‘The Politics of Sport Funding in Brazil’.
87 Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies.
88 Sports Administration, Ministry of Education, 2020 Sport Statistics (Taipei: Author, 2020).
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Ping-Chao Lee
Dr. Ping-Chao Lee is a professor of the Department of Physical Education at National Taichung University of Education in Taiwan. His current research interests include sport politics, sport history, and the field of the governance of professional baseball in Asia. E-mail: [email protected]
Chi-Jui Sung
Mr. Chi-Jui Sung obtained his MA degree in the Department of Physical Education at the National Taichung University of Education in Taiwan. He works as a PE teacher in a Municipal school in New Taipei City. His research interests concentrate on sport politics and sport history with a particular focus on the development of sports policy in Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected]
Hung-Ju Chiu
Mr. Hung-Ju Chiu is currently studying for a PhD in the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences at Loughborough University. He focuses on interpreting stakeholders’ relations and interactions in sport-related events which is linked to strategic relations and governance theory. His current research interests are in sport policy development and sport sociology. E-mail: [email protected]
Hsiang-Pin Chin
Dr. Hsiang-Pin Chin is a professor of the Department of Physical Education at National Kaohsiung Normal University in Taiwan. His main research interests lie in issues relating to sport history with a particular focus on sports development during the Japanese colonial period. E-mail: [email protected]