The when and how of planning: Meta-analysis of the scope and components of implementation intentions in 642 tests

ABSTRACT

When and how should one plan? We estimated the scope (when) of implementation intentions by computing effect sizes for different outcomes, samples, and study characteristics, and tested the components (how) of implementation intentions by analysing the format, processes of formation, and contents of plans. Across 642 independent tests, forming implementation intentions proved effective for cognitive, affective, and behavioural outcomes (.27 ≤ d ≤ .66). Effect sizes were larger when plans had a contingent (if-then) format, participants were highly motivated to pursue the goal, and plans were rehearsed. We developed a new taxonomy of the cues (e.g., time-and-place, task juncture) and responses (e.g., cognitive procedures, ignore- or inner speech-responses) specified in implementation intentions and tested their efficacy in promoting outcomes. Our review underlines the utility of implementation intentions in helping people regulate their thoughts, feelings, and actions and offers a taxonomy of plan contents that could inspire further tests of implementation intentions.

KEYWORDS:

• Self-regulation
• affect regulation
• goal attainment
• behaviour change
• volition

Data availability statement

The dataset has been deposited on the Open Science Framework (OSF) (https://osf.io/j7uw9/?view_only=f37affb9d07c452581e34b217f0338c2). The Supplemental Material presents characteristics of each test (Table S1) and the reference list and is also available on the OSF.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Supplementary data

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2024.2334563

Additional information

Funding

No funding was received to support this research.