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Original Articles

Psychotherapy and ‘ethical sensibility’: towards a history of criticism

Pages 195-212 | Published online: 14 Oct 2010
 

Abstract

This paper makes a case for what it understands to be the ethical imperative underwriting the need to revisit select historical criticisms of psychotherapy. Three broad areas of historical criticism seem particularly pressing in this respect: socio-political critiques, feminist critiques, and concerns over the potentially abusive nature of the transference. The first set of arguments concerns a series of speculations over how psychotherapy may act as an instrument of social control, as a de-politicizing and potentially ‘pathologizing’ vehicle able to implement normative (or ideological) socio-political values through its clinical procedures. The second set of arguments focuses on psychotherapy's gendering potential, that is, both its construction of gender and its reiteration of patriarchal power-relations. The third focus of the paper brings to the fore questions of the frequently sexualized nature of the psychotherapeutic interaction, particular with reference to the transference. The paper concludes by suggesting that the problems thus posed cannot simply be eradicated; the most appropriate response, by contrast, is that of a broadening ethical sensibility of the potential impact of such issues and their ‘thematic variants’ upon clients.

Cet article fait un point de droit pour ce qu'il comprend pour être l'impératif moral garantissant la nécessité de revisiter des critiques historiques choisies de psychothérapie. Trois larges secteurs de la critique historique semblent en particulier enfonçants ce respect: critiques sociopolitiques, critiques féministes, et soucis au-dessus de la nature potentiellement abusive du transference. Le premier ensemble d'arguments concerne une série d'excédent de spéculations comment la psychothérapie peut agir en tant qu'instrument de commande sociale, en tant que des moyens de transformer des plaintes politiques en plaintes psychologiques. La psychothérapie peut fonctionner ainsi comme véhicule capable mettre en application des valeurs sociopolitiques normatives (ou idéologiques) par ses procédures cliniques. Le deuxième ensemble d'arguments concentre sur les capacités de la psychothérapie au genre ses clients, le souci ici, en d'autres termes, est avec la construction du genre et de la réiteration des puissance-relations patriachal. Le troisième centre du papier apporte aux questions antérieures du sexualized fréquemment la nature de l'interaction psychothérapeutique, particulière concernant le transference. Le papier conclut en suggérant que les problèmes posés ainsi ne puissent pas simplement être supprimés; la réponse la plus appropriée, en revanche, est celle d'une sensibilité morale d'élargissement de l'impact potentiel de telles issues sur des clients.

Dieses Papier bildet ein Argument für, was es versteht, um zu sein der ethische Befehl, der die Notwendigkeit unterschreibt, auserwählte historische Kritiken von Psychotherapy nochmals zu besuchen. Drei ausgedehnte Bereiche der historischen Kritik scheinen besonders, eindrückend diesen Respekt: socio-political Critiques, feministische Critiques und Interessen über der möglicherweise mißbräuchlichen Natur des Transference. Der erste Satz von Argumenten betrifft eine Reihe von Betrachtungen Over, wie Psychotherapy als ein Instrument der Sozialsteuerung dienen kann, als Mittel des Machens der politischen Beanstandungen zu psychologische Beanstandungen, als Instrument, das fähig ist, zu nennen, was nicht pathological ist und ist, und als Träger fähig, die normativen (oder ideologisch) socio-political Werte durch seine klinischen Verfahren einzuführen. Der zweite Satz von Argumenten richtet auf die Fähigkeit von Psychotherapy zum Geschlecht seine Klienten, das Interesse hier, ist das heißt, mit dem Aufbau des Geschlechtes und der Wiederholung von patriachal Energie-Relationen. Der dritte Fokus des Papiers holt zu den Vorderfragen von sexualized häufig die Natur der psychotherapeutischen Abhängigkeit, bestimmt mit Bezug auf den Transference. Das Papier stellt fest, indem es vorschlägt, daß die folglich aufgeworfenen Probleme nicht einfach ausgerottet werden können; die passendste Antwort, durch Kontrast, ist die eines erweiternden ethischen Sensibility der möglichen Auswirkung von solchen Ausgaben nach Klienten.

Notes

Derek Hook is a lecturer in Social Psychology at the London School of Economics. An editor of Psychopathology and Social Prejudice and Developmental Psychology (both of UCT Press, 2002), he maintains a variety of research interests, stretching from political applications of psychoanalysis, to the history of postcolonial theory and Foucauldian notions of power. He has acted as editor on special editions of Psychology in Society and South African Journal of Psychology.

I readily accept in this regard that my discussion of the erotic and power aspects of transference/countertransference treat the broad psychoanalytic model—or, more generally, that of what we might term the ‘neutral therapist’ model—as something of the base-level assumption in my speculations. It is important to acknowledge that in other traditions, those of the humanistic-existential-integrative tradition, or of Jungian practice, for example, that there are at least partial articulations of a different model, which may hence seem less susceptible to the kind of critique I am offering.

In this, the last part of my discussion of subliminal and sexualised dynamics of psychotherapeutic power, I am much indebted to Heward Wilkinson, whose comments and suggestions in this regard I have importantly informed the closing section of the argument. It is useful here also to draw attention to the fact that the proactive suggestions made in this connection pose a different model of ‘professionalism’ and a different model of what constitutes the psychotherapeutic frame—one that is perhaps nearer to friendship, or the relationship between teacher and pupil—than may perhaps be standard. Such an ethical reformulation would, quite clearly, pose more of a threat to some forms of psychotherapy than to others.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Derek Hook Footnote

Derek Hook is a lecturer in Social Psychology at the London School of Economics. An editor of Psychopathology and Social Prejudice and Developmental Psychology (both of UCT Press, 2002), he maintains a variety of research interests, stretching from political applications of psychoanalysis, to the history of postcolonial theory and Foucauldian notions of power. He has acted as editor on special editions of Psychology in Society and South African Journal of Psychology.

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