Synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones by indium sulfide nanoparticles as green an efficient and reusable catalyst under solvent-free condition

Abstract

In this work, tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones are effectively synthesized without the need for solvents and in an environmentally safe manner by the use of indium sulfide (In₂S₃) nanoparticle as a catalyst. Indium sulfide (In₂S₃) nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transition electron microscopy (TEM) were among the techniques used to characterize indium sulfide (In₂S₃) nanoparticles. The synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones was achieved in a single pot using a three-component reaction involving β-naphthol, dimedone, and aryl aldehyde. The resultant indium sulfide (In₂S₃) nanoparticles were produced without the need for a solvent and exhibited remarkable yields, as well as quick reaction times and reusable catalysts.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones
• indium sulfide (In₂S₃) nanoparticles
• hydrothermal method
• solvent-free condition
• reusability of catalyst

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Management and Principal of P.V.P. College Pravaranagar for providing the necessary facilities. We also thank SAIF, Punjab University, Chandigarh for spectral analysis.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).