An emerging paradigm in epigenetic marking: coordination of transcription and replication

ABSTRACT

DNA replication and RNA transcription both utilize DNA as a template and therefore need to coordinate their activities. The predominant theory in the field is that in order for the replication fork to proceed, transcription machinery has to be evicted from DNA until replication is complete. If that does not occur, these machineries collide, and these collisions elicit various repair mechanisms which require displacement of one of the enzymes, often RNA polymerase, in order for replication to proceed. This model is also at the heart of the epigenetic bookmarking theory, which implies that displacement of RNA polymerase during replication requires gradual re-building of chromatin structure, which guides recruitment of transcriptional proteins and resumption of transcription. We discuss these theories but also bring to light newer data that suggest that these two processes may not be as detrimental to one another as previously thought. This includes findings suggesting that these processes can occur without fork collapse and that RNA polymerase may only be transiently displaced during DNA replication. We discuss potential mechanisms by which RNA polymerase may be retained at the replication fork and quickly rebind to DNA post-replication. These discoveries are important, not only as new evidence as to how these two processes are able to occur harmoniously but also because they have implications on how transcriptional programs are maintained through DNA replication. To this end, we also discuss the coordination of replication and transcription in light of revising the current epigenetic bookmarking theory of how the active gene status can be transmitted through S phase.

KEYWORDS:

• epigenetic bookmarking
• nascent chromatin
• RNA polymerase II
• transcription memory
• transcription post-replication
• transcription-replication conflicts

Acknowledgments

We apologize to colleagues whose work we were unable to cite due to space considerations.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by NIH F31GM128300 to T.K.F. and NIH R01GM075141 to A.M.