Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is defined as a multisystem disorder of severe impairment of liver function, with or without encephalopathy, which is associated with hepatocellular necrosis (reflected as liver synthetic failure in patients with no recognized chronic liver disease), and can lead to death. ALF can be due to hepatotoxic drugs, natural toxins, autoimmune disease, severe bacterial infection and some neoplastic processes, or ALF can be idiopathic. In the pediatric group, the most frequent cause is viral agents; hepatitis A is the most common among these. The pathophysiologic changes in ALF consist of alterations in coagulation, elevated serum ammonia, hypoalbuminemia and hypoglycemia. In recent years, N-acetylcysteine has been utilized to treat this condition. Using this drug during the early stages of the disease has the potential to improve outcomes for the patient, including the avoidance liver transplantation. This article focuses on the criteria that help to identify ALF and emphasizes accessible alternative medical treatments.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The author has no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.
Notes
Data taken from Citation[1,12,21–23,25,26,28,29].