Challenges in quantifying the responses of Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla to habitat variables and local stressors due to individual variation

ABSTRACT

Capsule:

Strong individual variation was observed in the responses of Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla to environmental covariates related to foraging behaviour and habitat selection, and in the overlap with nearby offshore windfarms (OWFs).

Aims:

To determine whether environmental covariates consistently drive Kittiwake foraging behaviour and how this may influence overlap with local potential stressors at the population and individual levels.

Methods:

We used two complimentary methods (Hidden Markov Models and Step Selection Functions) to classify the at-sea behaviour of Kittiwakes and identify environmental covariates associated with foraging at a colony in northeast Scotland during the 2021 breeding season. We also calculated the overlap, by behaviour, of individuals with several operational and proposed OWFs within the vicinity.

Results:

We found no evidence for habitat selection at the population level, with uncertainty in which conditions were linked to foraging, due to considerable variation in the responses of individuals to local environmental conditions. This was attributed to unmeasured intrinsic variation among individuals and high competition among conspecifics and other seabird species. We also observed variation among individuals in the extent of overlap with a local stressor, OWFs, by behaviour.

Conclusion:

Individuals within a population that do not respond consistently to environmental conditions will likely vary in their vulnerability to local stressors, in this case to OWFs. This could lead to unforeseen population-level consequences if not accounted for. Therefore, it is important to identify and understand variation among individuals to better establish population-level consequences of different foraging areas and overlap with stressors to reduce uncertainty in current impact assessments.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to the Grampian Ringing Group for help with monitoring and the residents of Whinnyfold for hosting the base station. Thanks also to Daniel Johnston for help with the tidal data and Willem Bouten for his advice on the UvA-BiTS tags. UvA-BiTS studies are facilitated by infrastructures for e-Ecology, developed with the support of NLeSC and LifeWatch and carried out on the Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative. Thanks to the editor, associate editor and reviewer for their constructive feedback.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

Funding was provided by Vattenfall as part of their European Offshore Wind Deployment Centre (EOWDC) scientific research programme.