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ABSTRACT
Larval behaviour for many of New Zealand’s diadromous freshwater fish is inadequately described. Diadromy for many amphidromous species is not obligatory however, and where conditions are suitable, freshwater larval rearing may be facilitated. Where this occurs in lakes, opportunities to document the composition and conditions supporting larval rearing exist. Boat trawling was undertaken across nine lowland lakes in the Lower Waikato over four consecutive winters with a focus on larval galaxiids. Galaxiid larvae were captured in surface water habitats in all but one lake, with banded kōkopu (Galaxias fasciatus) and giant kōkopu (Galaxias argenteus) the most common species detected. One lake, Lake Waahi, consistently resulted in the most galaxiid captures for effort expended. Analyses of larvae from this and other lakes indicated that two sizes predominated in catches and that larger, older larvae were predominantly G. fasciatus while smaller, younger larvae were predominantly G. argenteus. Stomach contents indicated that two non-native zooplankton species predominated in the diet of larvae, the Holarctic daphnia, Daphnia galeata, and the Australian calanoid copepod Boeckella symmetrica. This study provides new information regarding the timing, movement and predicted recruitment of native fish species in this river basin that has important implications for lake and river management.
Acknowledgements
Matthew Barson provided laboratory assistance sorting fish samples and extracting otoliths for ageing and Howard Ettema for generating trawl maps. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers whose constructive comments improved the final manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).