https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7848-3191
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ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted travel behaviours for very large numbers of people including those who shifted to teleworking and those without the option to work from home. While there is much valuable transport research that has examined the former category, it is still unknown how certain people such as health sector employees and delivery drivers changed their physical commuting in transport contexts that were radically different from those existing normally in urban areas. Based on a systematic review of 36 scientific publications on commuting during pandemic, this study pursues a dual objective. First, by examining the interrelated institutional, physical, and socio-psychological processes that supported or hindered low-carbon transport the study revealed that (A) public transport (PT) reduced service levels and concerns related to COVID were positively associated with substantial shifts away from PT towards car and active travel; (B) this positive association was found to be even stronger in the existence of pre-pandemic habit of car use for commute and strong negative emotions like fear triggered by environmental changes and health risks. Second, by synthesising the key findings from the literature, this study provides significant implications for how mode choice is modelled through the Theory of Planned Behavior and Norm Activation Model. By questioning whether the pandemic commuters had a “normal” set of travel mode alternatives to choose from, the study draws attention to the nuances of mode “choice” versus mode “use” and moves beyond the assumption that commuting always results from individuals making choices. It also argues that the role of (negative) emotions along with the importance of proximity to, or separation from, other bodies on how people commute should be considered in future research. Finally, the crucial role of COVID-19 in changing travel-related norms and the resulting long-term implications for policy interventions require further investigation by future research.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 To ensure consistency, we used U.S. spelling throughout the manuscript; however, we included both U.K. and U.S. spelling variations in our search queries.
2 Some studies reported a decline in the use of all modes during the pandemic because of telecommuting.
3 Among the reviewed articles, only two studies applied a qualitative approach to report stories from keyworkers regarding their commute-related concerns (Plyushteva, Citation2022; Jamal et al., Citation2022). Participants discussed both negative and positive financial implications related to commuting during the pandemic. While some participants found (increased) commute cost as unjust when many others had the option to WFH, some emphasized that even working from home only half of the time resulted in a substantial difference in the household budget.
4 Such conditions may also exist in other locations such as cafés, but the difference is that PT is often an essential service, whereas being in a café is typically a matter of personal choice. A real question is whether it is better to continue masking in PT to respond to worries, or whether this practice would create an impression that PT is a risky choice.
5 Within these frameworks, emotions are considered to affect behavior indirectly through attitudes which are shaped by three clusters of processes: i.e., affective (emotions experienced during an activity like a commute trip), cognitive (referring to an evaluation of the trip), and behavioral processes (referring to the actual performance of a (travel) behavior). Both behavioral and cognitive processes can impact affective processes, while affective and cognitive processes can also impact behaviors.