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Abstract
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles has gained interest due to their diverse applications in various fields. It is very essential to use capping agents to avoid loss of nanosized characteristics due to agglomeration of AgNPs. In the present investigation, a simple and environmentally viable protocol to synthesize a wide range of concentrations of non-agglomerated and colloidal AgNPs using extracts of discarded wastes (gills and intestine) of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in three different aqueous media without the requirement of any additional stabilizing and capping agent is described. The size of most of AgNPs ranged from 2 to 20 nm, followed by sizes of 20–40 nm and some with sizes of 40–50 nm. Zeta potential was in the range of −31.1 to −52.8 mV and −33.3 to −53.6 mV, and surface plasmon resonance ranged from 405 to 410 nm for gill and intestine extracts respectively. HR-TEM images indicated that Phosphate buffer saline is the best suitable for synthesizing non-agglomerated AgNPs capped with biomolecules. Valorization has been achieved by trapping Ag NPs into two different forms of natural zeolites namely stilbite and mordenite and their ammonia removal efficiency have been evaluated. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of synthesized AgNPs and their valorized products exhibited potent inhibitory activity against test bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. This study not only establishes a simple and environmentally viable protocol for the synthesis of AgNPs and valorized products for environmental and disease management but also adds to the utilization of fish wastes in solid waste management.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Director, CIFE, Mumbai and Head-AEHMD, and Head-Aquaculture for their encouragement and for providing the facility for carrying out this work.
Author contributions
Dr. Krishnani and Ms. Kangkana Das contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material Preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Kangkana Das and Dr. Krishnani. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Puja Chakraborty and Kangkana Das and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ms. Kangkana Das: Data curation; Execution of Experimental work; Validation; Data interpretation, Compilation and preparation. Dr. K. K. Krishnani: Conceptualization; Synthesis and experimental protocols Outline & design, Overall guidance, Review & editing. Dr Ajay Upadhyay: Inputs related to ICP-MS analyses. Dr. S. P. Shukla: Inputs related to ammonia detoxification Review & editing. Dr. K. Pani Prasad: Inputs related to pathogenic bacteria, Review & editing. Ms. Puja Chakraborty: Manuscript Draft preparation and revision, Review & editing, Similarity check. Dr Biplab Sarkar: FTIR analysis of samples and Review & editing.
Disclosure statement
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval
The use of animals conforms to the existing laws in India. The care and treatment of animals used in this study were in accordance with the guidelines of the CPCSEA [(Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals), Ministry of Environment & and Forests (Animal Welfare Division), Government of India] on the care and use of animals in scientific research. As the experimental fish are commercially important and non-endangered species, the provisions of the Government of India’s Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 are not applicable for experiments on these fish species.
Data availability statement
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. The authors declare that all data and materials support their published claims and comply with the standards.