Long-term efficacy and safety of microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to the gallbladder with a diameter ≤ 5 cm: a multicenter, propensity score matching study

Abstract

Objective

To compare the long-term efficacy and safety of microwave ablation (MWA) as first-line therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) adjacent versus nonadjacent to the gallbladder.

Materials and Methods

From 2006 to 2018, 657 patients with ≤5 cm HCC who underwent percutaneous ultrasound-guided MWA as first-line therapy from 5 hospitals were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients were grouped into the adjacent group (n = 49) and the nonadjacent group (n = 608) according to whether the tumor was adjacent to the gallbladder. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance baseline variables between the two groups.

Results

Forty-eight patient pairs were matched after PSM. For the PSM cohort, during a median follow-up time of 60 months, there were no differences in PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.011; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.647-1.578; p = 0.963) or OS (HR 0.925; 95% CI 0.522-1.639; p = 0.789) between the adjacent and nonadjacent groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the tumor adjacent to the gallbladder was not an independent risk factor for PFS or OS (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed comparable PFS and OS between the two groups in the <3 cm subgroup and the 3-5 cm subgroups (all p > 0.05). In addition to more use of assistive technology (p < 0.05), the adjacent group shared comparable local tumor progression, complications, technical success rate, and hospital stay (all p > 0.05) to the nonadjacent group.

Conclusion

There were comparable long-term efficacy and complications between patients with HCC adjacent and nonadjacent to the gallbladder treated with MWA.

HIGHLIGHTS

• The application of MWA to HCC adjacent and nonadjacent to the gallbladder resulted in comparable PFS and OS and complications.

• For both cohorts, MWA shared comparable complications (immediate and delayed), LTP, hospitalization, and operative time.

• MWA might be a first-line alternative for ≤5 cm HCC adjacent to the gallbladder with the use of assistive technologies and advances in technology.

Keywords:

• Microwave ablation
• gallbladder
• hepatocellular carcinoma
• propensity score matching

Article category

Research Articles (Cancer therapy and prevention).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

We understand the terms of the share upon reasonable request data policy, and our data generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.