Synthesis, biological evaluation, and computational investigation of ethyl 2,4,6-trisubstituted-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylates as potential larvicidal agents against Anopheles arabiensis

Abstract

Malaria is one of the most known vector-borne diseases caused by female Anopheles mosquito bites. According to WHO, about 247 million cases of malaria and 619,000 deaths were estimated worldwide in 2021, of which 95% of the cases and 96% of deaths occurred in the African region. Sadly, about 80% of all malaria deaths were of children under five years old. Despite the availability of different insecticides used to control this disease, the emergence of drug-resistant mosquitoes threatens public health. This, in turn, highlighted the need for new larvicidal agents that are effective at different larval life stages. This study aimed to identify novel larvicidal agents. To this end, a series of ethyl 2,4,6-trisubstituted-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylates 8a-i was synthesized using a three-step chemical synthetic approach via a Biginelli reaction employed as a key step. All title compounds were screened against Anopheles arabiensis to determine their larvicidal activities. Among them, two derivatives, ethyl 2-((4-bromophenyl)amino)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate 8b and ethyl 2-((4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl)amino)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate 8f, showed the highest larvicidal activity, with mortality of 94% and 91%, respectively, and emerged as potential larvicidal agents. In addition, computational studies, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, were carried out to investigate their mechanism of action. The computational results showed that acetylcholinesterase appears to be a plausible molecular target for their larvicidal property.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• Dihydropyrimidines
• anopheles arabiensis
• acetylcholinesterase
• molecular docking
• MD simulations

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Durban University of Technology and the National Research Foundation, South Africa (Grant number 129330), for their support and encouragement. D.C. thanks IISER Bhopal for research facilities and infrastructure.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author contributions

Conceptualization, R.M.G., and K.N.V.; Methodology, R.D., N.A.A.-S., S.C., R.M.G., C.T., D.C., M.R.M.B., D.T., M.A.M., Y.F.I., V.M. and K.N.V.; Data curation, R.D., N.A.A.-S., S.C., R.M.G., C.T., D.C. and K.N.V.; Formal Analysis, R.D., N.A.A.-S., S.C., R.M.G., C.T., D.C., M.R.M.B., D.T., M.A.M., Y.F.I., V.M. and K.N.V.; Software, N.A.A.-S., P.K.D., C.T. and K.N.V.; Validation, N.A.A.-S., C.T. and K.N.V.; Investigation, N.A.A.-S., R.M.G., C.T., D.T. and K.N.V.; Project administration, K.N.V., Resources, R.D., N.A.A.-S., S.C., P.K.D., D.C. and K.N.V.; Writing-original draft, R.D., N.A.A.-S. S.C., P.K.D., R.M.G., C.T., D.C., M.R.M.B., D.T., M.A.M., Y.F.I., V.M. and K.N.V.; Visualization, R.D., N.A.A.-S. S.C., P.K.D., R.M.G., C.T., D.T. and K.N.V.; Writing-review & editing, N.A.A.-S., S.C., P.K.D., R.M.G., C.T., D.C., M.A.M., Y.F.I., V.M. and K.N.V.; Supervision, D.T., K.N.V.; Funding acquisition, K.N.V.

Additional information

Funding

The National Research Foundation, South Africa (Grant number 129330), funded this research.