PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ Induce the Expression of Adhesion Molecules and the Adhesion of Monocytic Cells to Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Abstract

Exposure to airborne particles has been associated with an increase in cardiopulmonary events. Endothelial cells could be playing an important role in the response to airborne particles due their involvement in proinflammatory events, and there is some evidence of particle translocation from lung into circulation. One of the initiating events of inflammation is endothelial activation. We determined the concentration-response effect of a particulate matter with different aerodynamic sizes (PM_2.5 [particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μ m and less] and PM₁₀ [particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 10 μ m and less]) obtained from Mexico City on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The adhesion of monocytic U937 cells to HUVEC and the expression of early (E- and P-selectins) and late (ICAM-1, PECAM-1, VCAM-1) adhesion molecules were tested. Adhesion of U937 cells to HUVEC was evaluated by coculture experiments using [³H]thymidine-labeled U937 cells and the expression of adhesion molecules was evaluated by flow cytometry. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was used as a positive control of endothelial activation. Our results showed that both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ induced the adhesion of U937 cells to HUVEC, and their maximal effect was observed at 20 μ g/cm². This adhesion was associated with an increase in the expression of all adhesion molecules evaluated for PM₁₀, and E-selectin, P-selectin, and ICAM-1 for PM_2.5. In general, maximum expression of adhesion molecules induced by PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ was obtained with 20 μ g/cm²; however, PM₁₀-induced expression was observed from 5 μ g/cm². E-selectin and ICAM-1 had the strongest expression in response to particles. In conclusion, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ induce the activation of HUVEC, leading to monocytic adhesion via the expression of adhesion molecules, suggesting that these particles may participate in the development of inflammatory diseases. The role of these events in the development of diseases such as atherosclerosis is likely to be evaluated.