Ipomoea carnea associated phytochemicals and their in silico investigation towards Meloidogyne incognita

ABSTRACT

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are sedentary endo-parasite that causes severe yield loss in carrot. Chemical nematicides currently used to manage Meloidogyne incognita are being phased out because of rising health and environmental issues. This study aimed to evaluate nematicidal effect of various concentrations, viz., 250, 500, 750, 1000ppm of leaf extract of Ipomoea carnea against M. incognita infecting carrot under in vitro and in pots assays. In our result, all tested concentrations displayed J2s mortality and egg hatching inhibition along with improving growth of carrot and reduced J2s population and root-knot index. Molecular docking performed predicts binding interactions of two major compounds, viz., neophytadiene and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol as shown by GC-MS analysis with targeted protein, odorant response gene-1 of M. incognita, to confirm nematicidal action of I. carnea leaf extract. The obtained results also suggested that neophytadiene interacted more and strongly bound with odorant response gene-3 than 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. The biochemical ligand-target protein interaction described in the present work will be helpful in the logical selection of biomolecules and essential proteins. Therefore, plant extract may be used the best alternative to chemical nematicides to control root-knot nematodes and caused longitudinal growth of the plant as well as reduce environmental risks.

KEYWORDS:

• Botanicals
• GC–MS analysis
• in silico study
• plant parasitic nematodes
• molecular docking

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University for funding this work under the Research Groups Funding program grant code (NU/RG/SERC/11/19).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

All the data is present in this manuscript.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

M. M. Abdullah

M. M. Abdullah, is a well-known academician and a young research scientist. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Physics at Najran University in Saudi Arabia. In addition to editing a book and writing two book chapters, Dr. Abdullah has published more than 45 research articles. His scientific interests include the synthesis of materials and their applications to environmental sustainability, Sensors, and Energy in particular. His research findings were published in various peer-reviewed journals of international repute.

Amir Khan

Amir Khan, completed his Ph.D. in Botany with a specialization in Plant Pathology and Nematology from the Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has done his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the AMU, Aligarh, in 2012 and 2014, respectively. Besides, the thrust area of Dr. Amir and his group is to promote organic farming by utilizing organic matter, including plant parts, oil cakes, agricultural waste, etc., as well as bio-fertilizer and biocontrol agents for the sustainable management of nematodes. He is a Life Member of the Indian Phyto-pathological Society, New Delhi (India), and an Editor of the Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources.

Hasan B. Albargi

Hasan B. Albargi, is an Associate Professor of Solid State Physics in the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Arts at Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. His research interests include the structural, electronic, optical and magnetic properties of advanced materials and the development of nanomaterials for various purposes, such as gas sensing and electronic devices applications. Dr. Hasan has published more than 40 research articles in different ISI journals.

Mohammad Zaki Ahmad

Mohammad Zaki Ahmad, is a well-known academician and a young research scientist. He was a university gold medalist for standing first in Master. He has been working in academics for more than 1 decade. Presently, he is working as a lecturer in the Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia. Zaki has more than 100 publications, about 40 review articles, 15 books chapter to his credit. He has delivered 5 guest lectures. He has teaching experience at U.G. and P.G. level. His research interests are development and evaluation of various novel drug delivery systems, polyherbal drug formulations, cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, etc. At present, is intensively involved in the development of nano-sized drug delivery systems. Zaki is a member of various professional bodies such as IPA and IPGA and has published his research findings in various peer-reviewed journals of international repute.

Javed Ahmad

Javed Ahmad, is an Associate professor at College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia. He obtained his Doctorate degree in pharmaceutical sciences from Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi (India). He is a recipient of CSIR-Senior Research Fellowship and International Travel Award from Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India during his Ph.D. After his Ph.D, he joined NIPER Raebareli, an autonomous institute of Department of Pharmaceuticals, Govt. of India as a faculty position. He has published more than 100 high quality research and review articles in peer-reviewed journals of international repute. He also published various book chapters (>35) for edited book and book series. His current h-index is 32 with total number of citations of his publications near to 3000. He is reviewer of many peer-reviewed journals of International repute. He received many awards for his scientific findings and reviewing tasks. Recently, he enlisted among World's Top 2% Scientists for the year 2022 in the field of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, a list created by Stanford University, USA. His current research interest lies in design and characterization of nanomaterial to improve the efficacy of pharmaceuticals/phytopharmaceuticals.

Faheem Ahmad

Faheem Ahmad, Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology & Nematology in the Department of Botany at Aligarh Muslim University, India. Author of over 40 peer-reviewed publications. His research interests include plant-nematode interaction and nematode management based on nematicidal bioagents and plant natural product repertoire.

Mohammad Shabib Akhtar

Mohammad Shabib Akhtar, is a well-known academician and a young research scientist. Presently, he is working as a lecturer in the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia. From 2007 to 2009 he was the Senior research officer in Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi. He has published various high-quality research and review articles in peer-reviewed journals of international repute. He is a reviewer of many peer-reviewed journals of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. His current research interest lies in pharmacovigilance, Pharmacoeconomics and rationale use of antibiotics.

Nehal Mohsin

Nehal Mohsin, is a well-known academician and a young research scientist. He is working as a lecturer in the Department of Clinical pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia. He has published various high-quality research and review articles in peer-reviewed journals of international repute. In addition, he contributed a book chapter in an edited book. His key researchare as are drug utilization, pharmacotherapy, clinical pharmacy, and nanomedicines related to various diseases.

Fuzail Ahmad

Fuzail Ahmad, is an accomplished academic and researcher currently serving as the Associate Professor and Assistant Dean of Academic and Research Excellence at the College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University in Diriya, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. With a background in his area of expertise, Dr. Ahmad has made significant contributions to the field through his research, publications, and academic work. He is widely recognized for his research interests, which include but are not limited to, movement science, motor control & learning, neurological rehabilitation, and kinesiology. Dr. Ahmad's work has been influential in enhancing the understanding of these complex areas, and he continues to be an influential figure in the academic and research communities.

Mohammad Azhar Kamal

Mohammad Azhar Kamal, Assistant Professor at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia and involves in teaching bachelor students. He graduated in Biochemistry from Bangalore University, India and his PhD from University of Brescia, Italy and Postdoctoral fellowship from Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Milan. Later he joined as Assistant Professor at University of Jeddah where he was involved in teaching and he has been Visiting Research Scientist in Vaccine and Immunotherapy Unit at KFMRC, King Abdulaziz University, and T Cell Immunology, Infectious diseases, and diagnostic biomarkers from reputed international laboratory from Germany, Italy and India. He has published in highly prestigious peer reviewed international journals such as Cell, PLOS Pathogen, Blood, Oncoimmunology, Scientific Reports, BioMed Research International, Future Virology, Bioinformation etc. He has experience in research techniques including animal cell culture, animal studies, FACS, immunohistochemistry, MTT assay, ELISA, RT-PCR, Western Future Virology, Bioinformation etc. He has experience in research techniques including animal cell culture, animal studies, FACS, immunohistochemistry, MTT assay, ELISA, RT-PCR, Western blotting and basic molecular biology. His current research focuses on Host-Pathogen interaction, infectious diseases, and cancer immunology.

Yaser E. Alqurashi

Yaser E. Alqurashi, is a faculty member at Biology Department, College of Science, Majmaah University. His Current research interests include Cell Cancer and Molecular.

Hira Lal

Hira Lal, received his Doctorate degree in Chemistry from Aligrah Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.), India in 2021. He completed his M.Sc. and B.Sc. (Hons.) in Chemistry from the same university. He qualified the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) in 2015. His research work includes surfactant chemistry, protein binding and computational chemistry. He has published more than ten papers in international journals of repute.

Jari S. Algethami

Jari S. Algethami, is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He obtained his MSc and PhD degree in Analytical Chemistry from the University of Hull, UK, in 2011 and 2017, respectively. He also teaches courses in general and environmental chemistry, quantitative chemistry, and instrumental analysis. His research focuses on environmental pollutants analysis and water treatment and purification. He has successfully run some research projects funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University about the development of different types of nanocomposite materials for water decontamination. Currently, he is engaged in research to develop sustainable environmental remediation methods for pollution prevention and control.