Failing to ‘do a de Gaulle’? The break in Anglo-Algerian relations (1965-1968) and the reassessment of British policy

ABSTRACT

On 18 December 1965, a little over a month after Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence, Algeria broke off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom, in protest at the Labour Government’s decision not to use force against the white minority government in Salisbury. On one level, the diplomatic break seemed of secondary importance, and by the time relations resumed in April 1968, there had been no significant change in Britain’s or Algeria’s position on Rhodesia. However, as this article argues, the management of Britain’s relations with Algeria between 1965 and 1968 sheds important light on the place and views of Africa in Labour and diplomatic circles, at a time of decolonisation, of a second, unsuccessful, application to the EEC and of the creation of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The article focuses on four areas of policy in turn: the place of Rhodesia in Anglo-Algerian relations; the influence of Labour contacts on the management of relations with Algeria; the influence of the crisis on Britain’s relations with the French in Africa and the impact of Franco-British exchanges on the evolution of British views and interests; and finally, the shifting place of Algeria in British diplomacy.

KEYWORDS:

• Decolonisation
• Franco-British relations
• Rhodesia
• Six day war
• diplomacy

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. Sir Thomas Bromley to Michael Stewart, Annual Review for 1965, December 29, 1965, The National Archives (TNA), FO 371/190371.

2. See Torrent, Algerian Independence. See also Barei, ‘End of Algerian War’ and ‘Algerian Independence’. For more on the policy of the British governments in North Africa during France’s retreat, see Thomas, French North African Crisis.

3. T. Bromley to FO, 28 October 1964, TNA, FO 371/178772.

4. Entry for May 8, 1965, Benn, Out of the Wilderness, 256.

5. See Jackson, A Certain Idea.

6. See Thomas, Fight or Flight; and Barei, ‘Algerian Independence’

7. Coggins, “Wilson and Rhodesia,” 370; Windrich, Britain and Rhodesian Independence, 63–64.

8. See for instance “L’Algérie condamne fermement le régime de Salisbury, affirme le frère Abdelaziz Bouteflika,” El Moudjahid, 13 November 1965, 1, 5.

9. T.E. Bromley to Speares, 12 November 1965, TNA, FO 371/184108.

10. This was also covered on the front page of El Moudjahid, 4 December 1965.

11. Watts, ‘“Killing Kith and Kin”’, 383.

12. Ibid., 388; see also Murphy, ‘British Planning’, 749, 767.

13. The other 8 states were the Sudan and the United Arab Republic, as well as Tanzania and Ghana (in the Commonwealth), Congo Brazzaville, Guinea, Mali and Mauritania.

14. Bromley to Stewart, Annual Review for 1965, 29 December 1965, TNA, FO 371/190371.

15. T.E. Evans to FO, February 5, 1963, TNA, FO 371/173133.

16. R.S. Scrivener, February 20, 1963, TNA, FO 371/173133.

17. British officials also noted that the news of the coup, which occurred while the Commonwealth Prime Ministers’ Meeting was being held in London, worked in their favour in altering the mood among the African leaders; Wood, So far, 323.

18. Byrne, Mecca of Revolution, 2, 12. See also Irwin, ‘Through the Looking Glass’, 149–150.

19. Ibid., 286.

20. Submission by G. Harrison, “Meeting with HM Ambassadors in the Maghreb (less Libya) in Rabat on February 2 and 3,” February 11, 1965, TNA, FO 371/183835.

21. Bromley to Gordon Walker, Annual review for 1964, 4 January 1965, TNA, FO 371/184097.

22. Brown, Seventh Member State, 195-196.

23. As Zia-Ebrahimi has shown, France ‘courted’ Algeria after independence in a way it did not other territories of the ex-empire, Zia-Ebrahimi, ‘Courting the former colony’; this was something the British Embassy was aware of.

24. Submission by G. Harrison, “Meeting with HM Ambassadors in the Maghreb (less Libya) in Rabat on February 2 and 3,” 11 February 1965, TNA, FO 371/183835.

25. In London, Algerian interests were covered by the Embassy of Kuwait.

26. N. Fenn to A.L. Mayall, Protocol and Conference Department, 30 May 1968, TNA, FCO 39/24.

27. S. Dawbarn to D.J. Spears, September 18, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

28. Minute by D.J. Spears, December 21, 1965, TNA, FO 371/183823. The case of Algeria was looked at together with the Sudan and Egypt. Tanzania and Ghana, who also broke relations, had much closer relations given their Commonwealth membership while the rest of the African countries who had broken relations with Britain had a much less important place in British diplomacy.

29. D.J. Speares, “Algeria: Aid. Consequences of the break in relations,” December 22, 1965, TNA, FO 371/184109.

30. Note by Roger Allen, December 22, 1965, TNA, FO 371/184109. French diplomats also noted the fairly smooth break in relations, given the circumstances, and the orderly transition to the Swiss Embassy, Rebeyrol to Paris, 14 January 1966, Archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/251.

31. Quoted in French; S. Dawbarn to D. Speares, 14 March 1966, TNA, FO/190384.

32. Sir Charles Duke, “Summary report on Algeria/Notes on personalities and conversations in Algeria,” March 1966, TNA, FO 371/190392.

33. Dawbarn to Duke, April 26, 1966, TNA, FO 371/190392.

34. Beyond the North African states, Dawbarn mentioned Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania and Cameroon; Mali had had to withdraw for financial reasons. S. Dawbarn to D. Speares, March 14, 1966, TNA, FO 371/190384.

35. Ibid.

36. Draft letter from Ambassador at Berne to FO, April 28, 1966, TNA, FO 371/190382.

37. Windrich, Britain and Rhodesian Independence, 88.

38. Record of a conversation between Sir Richard Beaumont, special representative of the Secretary of State, and M. Abdelaziz Bouteflika, Algerian Minister of Foreign Affairs, March 22 1968, TNA, FCO, 39/23.

39. S.L. Egerton (Bagdad) to D. Montgomery, Eastern Department, 19 November 1966, TNA, FO 371/190382.

40. Minute by J. Hartland-Swann, November 30, 1966, TNA, FO 371/190382.

41. Rebeyrol to Paris, February 15, 1967, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

42. The head of the Algerian interests section in Kuwait told the British over a dinner at the Tunisian Embassy that there was a certain wish to resume relations, but not before Julius Nyerere had done so; P.L.V. Mallet to S. Dawbarn, May 25, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

43. The editorial published on the front page of El Moudjahid the day after UDI had stated: ‘London, in truth, has clearly given the racists a free hand by letting it be known publicly that she would never use force against them (which she does without compunction in Aden)’. ‘Défi à l’Afrique’, El Moudjahid, 12 November 1965, 1.

44. Orkaby, Beyond Arab Cold War, 168.

45. Dawbarn to Speares, March 13, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

46. D.L. Lister, Annual Report for 1967–1968, TNA, BW10/10.

47. As Defence Secretary Denis Healey would later recall, this came at a particularly bad time, with oil supplies cut off by the Arab and Gulf states, the onset of the Nigerian civil war as well as dock strikes in London and Liverpool, compromising Britain’s supplies further; Healey, Time of My Life, 333.

48. B. de Leusse (Algiers) to Paris, June 7, 1967, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

49. Dawbarn to FO, “Algiers and the M. East situation,” June 26,1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

50. Michael Palliser, Downing Street, to D.J. Maitland, FO, 26 June 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

51. With anti-British protests going on in Bahrain, the participants of the Defence and Overseas Policy meeting of July 1967, including ministers and Wilson himself ‘accepted the assumption that Britain was not going to stay in the Gulf, but they were unclear as to the pace and modality of withdrawal’; Shato, Embers of Empire, 44.

52. D.J. Maitland to Michael Palliser, July 25, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

53. Ibid.

54. S. Dawbarn to D. Speares, August 28, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

55. D. Maitland to J. Henniker-Major, September 11, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

56. S. Dawbarn to D. Speares, 18 September 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

57. Jean Basdevant to MAE (Economic and Financial Division), May 27, 1970, MAE/La Courneuve, 0034SUP/Algérie, 87.

58. S. Dawbarn to D. Speares, September 18, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

59. Ibid.

60. Minute by J. Henniker-Major, October 9, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

61. Byrne, Mecca of Revolution, 290.

62. M. Palliser to D. Day, November 1, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

63. Memorandum “Anglo/Algerian relations,” November 17, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

64. George Wigg to Harold Wilson, June 22, 1965, TNA, PREM 13/122. For more on the Commonwealth mission to Vietnam, see Young, ‘Wilson government’.

65. George Wigg to Harold Wilson, November 4, 1965, Papers of G. Wigg, 4/68. See also Wigg, Wigg, 326.

66. Memorandum, undated and unsigned, corrected (apparently by Wigg), Papers of G. Wigg, 4/76.

67. Entry for February 16, 1966, Benn, Out of Wilderness, 489. Not that Benn himself had by then a lot of sympathy for Khidder, concluding at the time that his dispute with Ben Bella was largely of a personal nature and partly to do with funds held in Switzerland, which would help finance an alternative revolution; Entries for 9 and July 15, 1964, Benn, Out of Wilderness, 129–130. Re-entry into Britain was refused to Khidder in November 1964; TNA, FO 371/178800.

68. M. Palliser to D. Day, September 26, 1967, FCO 39/21. E.C. Hodgkin (1913–2006) had visited Palestine as part of his history studies in the 1930s, and was posted in Cairo and Baghdad during the Second World War, before heading the Near East Broadcasting Station; by 1967 and having returned to England he was assistant and foreign editor at The Times; Obituary in The Times, 8 September 2006. Hodgkin was also the brother of the historian Thomas Hodgkin, who was in contact with members of the FLN in London in the 1950s before leaving for Accra (see Torrent, Algerian independence). J. Henniker-Major (minute dated 9 October 1967 in the same file) also mentioned the journalist Claire Hollingworth but dismissed his own suggestion—she was a journalist, and one who did not ‘always get things right’.

69. Minute by Wigg, in letter from M. Palliser to Sir Paul Gore-Booth, 22 November 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21. The conversation also showed that Kellou and Wigg disagreed on policy in Vietnam, particularly on the willingness of Ho Chi Minh to negotiate should the Americans stop the bombings.

70. Ginor and Remez, “Hook, line and sinker,” 184.

71. Kellou seems to have been concerned by the suggestion that the talks were ‘leaving the door open’ despite Smith’s refusal to commit to the six principles. The expression was used and reported in the British press at the time, see for instance ‘Smith keeps the door ajar’, The Times, 16 November 1967.

72. Minute from D.J. Speares, “Anglo-Algerian relations,” 28 November 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

73. D.J. Morphet to W.M. Knighton, 27 November 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

74. T. Benn to G. Brown, November 30, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

75. G. Brown to T. Benn, December 8, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

76. D. Speares to Private Secretary, April 9, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/23.

77. André (London) to Paris, January 3, 1968, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

78. B. de Leusse (Algiers) to Paris, January 8, 1968, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

79. Brahimi also promised to enquire about the aircraft; Sir Harold Beeley to FO, and New York to FO, 9 January 1968, TNA, FCO 39/21.

80. B. de Leusse to Paris, 9 January 1968, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

81. T. Bromley to D.J. Speares, 29 February 1968, TNA, FCO 39/22.

82. A prominent Arabist, Beaumont was subsequently British Ambassador to Egypt—and faced the question of “Egypt’s ‘expulsion of Soviet advisers’” in 1972; on this see Ginor and Remez, ‘Hook, line and sinker’.

83. ”a/s. Reprise des relations diplomatiques,” Division for Algeria, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 21 March 1968, MAE/La Courneuve, 0034SUP/Algérie, 87.

84. P. Rebeyrol (Algiers) to Paris, 26 February 1968, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

85. G. de Courcel (London) to Paris, 18 January and 27 February 1968, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

86. Sir Nicholas (Maxted) Fenn GCMG, Transcript of Interview, British Diplomatic Oral History Programme (BDOHP), Churchill Archives Centre, GBR/0014/DOHP 126, 2010, 12. https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/media/uploads/files/Fenn.pdf.

87. One major concern was the interest shown by Frank Harcourt-Munning of War on Want, who had also maintained links with Algeria in the wake of the war of independence in which his organisation had provided relief to Algerian refugees in North Africa. Speares thought him indiscreet, likely to commit some sort of faux-pas if he intervened, and Henniker-Major found his involvement ‘often counterproductive’; D. Speares to J. Henniker, 26 March 1968, TNA, FCO 39/49.

88. G. de Courcel (London) to Paris, 18 March 1968, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

89. Fenn, BDOHP, 13.

90. P. Rebeyrol to Paris, 13 April 1966, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/252.

91. Gillet to Paris, 6 January 1966, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/251.

92. S. Dawbarn (Algiers) to P.C. Petrie (PUS), 30 November 1966, TNA, FO 371/190373.

93. S. Dawbarn to John Henniker-Major, 26 August 1967, TNA, FCO 39/5.

94. Briefing notes for Anglo-French Talks on Africa, Algeria (Item III c), November 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

95. ‘Anglo-French talks on Africa/Record of conversations at the Quai d’Orsay’, 8 November 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

96. S. Dawbarn to D. Speares, December 4, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

97. Fenn, BDOHP, 12.

98. B. de Leusse (Algiers) to Paris, March 15, 1968, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

99. André to MAE, January 3, 1968, MAE/La Courneuve, 0034SUP/Algérie, 87.

100. Access to the Algerian national archives was unfortunately not possible but future research will hopefully shed further light on the web of diplomatic connections and range of interests.

101. G. de Courcel to MAE, March 25, 1968, MAE/La Courneuve, 0034SUP/Algérie, 87.

102. Di Nolfo, “Transformation of the Mediterranean,” 243.

103. On this, and the ability of Washington and London to counter its effects, see Locher and Nuenlist, ‘NATO strategies’, and Ellison, ‘de Gaulle’s NATO policies’.

104. Record of a discussion held at the Grand Trianon, Versailles, 11am, 19 June 1967, TNA, CAB 164/40.

105. Africa desk, “Position de la France à l’égard du problème rhodésien,” June 24, 1966, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/264.

106. ”Compte-rendu des conversations entre le ministre et M. Stewart,” April 2, 1965, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/262.

107. ”Anglo-French Talks on Africa: Record of Conversations at the Quai d’Orsay,” November 7, 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

108. ”Position de la France à l’égard du problème rhodésien,” June 24, 1966, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/264.

109. Warson, “Transnational decolonisation,” 175.

110. Ibid., 174.

111. D.P. Reilly, ‘Franco-African relations’, 27 October 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

112. British Embassy (London) to Paris, 2 July 1966, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/264. In the event, French Foreign Minister Maurice Couve de Murville told the British that Pompidou knew little about Rhodesia (and Indonesia, on which British views were sought); Reilly to FO, 4 July 1966, TNA, PREM 13/1509.

113. MAE to French Embassy (London), June 21, 1967, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/265.

114. Record of a discussion held at the Grand Trianon, Versailles, 4pm, June 19, 1967, TNA, CAB 164/40.

115. Text of personal message from the Prime Minister to the Foreign Secretary giving his impressions of the talks with President De Gaulle, June 21, 1967, TNA, CAB 164/40.

116. Byrne, Mecca of Revolution, 240.

117. W.B.J. Ledwidge (Paris) to E.M. Rose, 19 December 1966, TNA, FO 371/190128.

118. D.P. Reilly, ‘Franco-African relations’, 27 October 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

119. T. Benn to G. Brown, November 30, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

120. D.P. Reilly, “Franco-African relations,” October 27, 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

121. Algeria, Representative’s Annual Report, 1965–1966, TNA, BW 10/10.

122. Sir Charles Duke to S. Dawbarn, April 18, 1966, TNA, FO 371/190392.

123. Minute by D. Warren-Knott, May 4, 1966, TNA, FO 371/190392.

124. C. Duke to S. Dawbarn, April 18, 1966, TNA, FO 371/190392.

125. C. Duke, ‘Summary report on Algeria’, March 1966, TNA, FO 371/190392.

126. Minutes by Sir Roger Allen, May 26, 1966, and by Lord Walston, 6 June 1966, TNA, FO 371/190141.

127. D. Maitland to M. Palliser, July 25, 1967, TNA, FCO 39/21.

128. S. Dawbarn to D. Speares, December 4, 1967, TNA, FCO/21.

129. D.P. Reilly, “Britain and France in Africa,” October 27, 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

130. Ibid. The British, however, were very much aware that the Quai and the Secretariat of Jacques Foccart were two distinct entities. Officials at the Commonwealth Relations Office thought that the Quai was on the whole rather open with Britain, but thought it equally important to ‘let the French know that they are being watched’; D.C. Tebbitt, 9 November 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

131. Note of the Africa Department of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the situation in Rhodesia, January 11, 1966, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/251.

132. ”Anglo-French Talks on Africa: Record of Conversations at the Quai d’Orsay,” November 7, 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

133. On this, see Warson, ‘Transnational decolonisation’, 178–179. She shows that France’s Rhodesian policy was particularly driven by the Elysée and Jacques Foccart, rather than the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and that despite voting for mandatory sanctions at the UN for the first time in May 1968, following pressure from African governments, France continued to maintain commercial relations with Rhodesia, with the support of Gabon and as shown by correspondence between de Gaulle and Smith. Rhodesia, she argues, was a space where ‘France could simultaneously restore national pride and act upon a deeply-rooted anti-British prejudice’, 183.

134. D.P. Reilly, “Franco-African relations,” October 27, 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

135. On this question, see Patel, Project Europe, 219.

136. G. de Courcel (London) to Paris, 16 May 1967, and Winckler (Rabat) to Paris, 1 June and 23 November 1967, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

137. D.J. Speares, Note on meeting with Hacène, January 19, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/22.

138. P. Rebeyrol to MAE, 5 September 1967, MAE/La Courneuve, 0034SUP/Algérie, 87.

139. Record of a conversation between Sir Richard Beaumont and Abdelaziz Bouteflika, March 22, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/23.

140. N. Fenn to M. Stewart, April 22, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/23.

141. Ibid.

142. Ibid.

143. D.J. Speares, 22 February 1968, TNA, FCO 39/5.

144. Pickering, “Politics and ‘Black Tuesday’”.

145. McCourt, “Reassessing the withdrawal,” 469.

146. T.C. Wood, Minute on “Maghreb Heads of Mission Conference, London 24–27 September 1968,” 26 July 1968, TNA, FCO 39/5.

147. Foreign Office, “British interests in the Maghreb (Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco),” August 30, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/5.

148. T.C. Wood, Minute on “Maghreb Heads of Mission Conference, London 24–27 September 1968,” July 26, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/5.

149. The Gas Council also had a contract with Algeria, worth £8 millions annually in foreign exchange, running until 1979; note by D. Speares ahead of the visit of Mr Boudjakdji, April 17, 1969, TNA, FCO 39/370.

150. At the Heads of Mission meeting in September 1968, Britain’s Ambassador in Rabat, Leonard Holliday, stressed that given the stakes in Gibraltar, Britain’s economic and cultural presence was essential in Morocco, something which the United States also favoured.

151. So did Algeria, in Fenn’s eyes; N. Fenn to M. Le Quesne, September 19, 1968, TNA, FO 39/349.

152. R.A. Beaumont to Sir J. Henniker-Major, March 29, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/23.

153. Minute by D. Speares, July 23, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/11.

154. M. Le Quesne, “Annual review for 1968,” January 29, 1969, TNA, FCO 39/360.

155. ‘Factors in a British Policy towards Algeria following the Resumption of Relations’, September 1968, TNA, FO 39/349.

156. ”Anglo-French talks on Africa/Record of conversations at the Quai d’Orsay,” November 8, 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

157. M. Le Quesne, “Annual review for 1968,” January 29, 1969, TNA, FCO 39/360.

158. Maghreb Heads of Mission Conference, September 26, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/5.

159. Le Quesne to Douglas-Home, July 16, 1970, TNA, FCO BW 10/11.

160. Minute by D.J. Speares, North African Department, April 3, 1969, TNA, FCO 39/370.

161. M. Le Quesne, “Annual review for 1968,” January 29, 1969, TNA, FCO 39/360.

162. At the National Archives, the records of the North and East African Department of the Foreign Office (January 1967-October 1968) concern Algeria, Ethiopia, French Somaliland, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, the Sudan, Tunisia, the United Arab Republic and Spanish North Africa. The new Near East and North Africa Department records in 1972 relate to Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia.

163. Others in the group of 28 countries included Finland, Brazil, Ghana, Tanzania, Cuba, Jordan, Portugal and Jamaica, TNA, FCO 49/243.

164. The exercise was part of a working paper on ‘Priorities for British interests overseas, country by country’ and based on the combined rating of four factors: political importance (400 marks), national security (400 marks), military involvement (100 marks) and non-military obligations (100 marks); economic importance was assessed statistically separately. The document was careful to stress that a country’s importance could vary in time, or depending on the type of policy considered, particularly for resource allocation, TNA, FCO 49/243.

165. Maghreb Heads of Mission Conference, Foreign Office, September 24, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/5.

166. ”Priorities by country for British interests throughout the world until the mid-70’s,” TNA, FCO 49/243.

167. M. Le Quesne, June 21, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/28.

168. Sir Charles Duke reporting on mission to Speares, May 28, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/49. This does not mean, however, that the mission was deemed ‘wholly successful’ with Buckley’s poor grasp of French a particular issue; but it was ‘a powerful delegation received at a high level’, which could bring dividends further down the line; Fenn to Mallet, May 2, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/49.

169. S. Hessel to MAE, “La Rhodésie et les rapports algéro-britanniques,” June 2, 1969, MAE/La Courneuve, 28QO/260.

170. Jean Basdevant to MAE, “La Rhodésie et les rapports algéro-britanniques,” 2 June 1969, MAE/La Courneuve, 0034SUP/Algérie, 87.

171. Jean Basdevant to MAE (Economic and Financial Division), 27 May 1970, MAE/La Courneuve, 0034SUP/Algérie, 87. French, however, remained commonly spoken: in 1968, M. Le Quesne (like his counterpart in Tunisia) told Sir Paul Gore-Booth that it was not essential to have Arabic speakers but that British staff should definitely master French.

172. Jean Basdevant to MAE, “a/s. Livraisons d’armes britanniques à Pretoria,” 3 March 1971, MAE/La Courneuve, 0034SUP/Algérie, 87.

173. Martin Le Quesne, “Algeria on the threshold—parting reflections,” March 25, 1971, TNA, FCO 160/126/6.

174. ”Anglo-French Talks on Africa: Record of Conversations at the Quai d’Orsay,” November 8, 1967, TNA, FCO 38/17.

175. Pol Le Gourrierec to the Foreign Affairs Minister, ‘a/s. Jugement sur l’Algérie de l’ancien Ambassadeur de Grande-Bretagne dans ce pays’, 31 March 1971, MAE/La Courneuve, Algérie 87.

176. R.A. Burroughs, “Algeria: Annual review for 1971,” January 6, 1972, TNA, FCO 39/1035.

177. Handwritten comment on D.J. Speares’ minute of April 3, 1969, TNA, FCO 39/370.

178. Record of a conversation between Sir Richard Beaumont and Abdelaziz Bouteflika, March 22, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/23.

179. N. Fenn to M. Stewart, April 22, 1968, TNA, FCO 39/23.