Voluntary imitation of dynamic facial expressions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a facial-behavior analysis

ABSTRACT

Objective

The difficulties involved in social interaction among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been shown in many studies. Based on the knowledge that the imitation of facial expressions is a key factor in social interaction and functionality, the focus of prior studies has been on the evaluation of facial expressions in individuals with ADHD. However, little is known about voluntary facial mimicry in individuals with ADHD. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the voluntary-facial-imitation intensity of dynamic facial expressions in children with ADHD.

Method

Forty-one children with ADHD and 53 typically developing children were included in the study. Participants were presented with a video of six basic emotions and neutral facial expressions selected from the EU-Emotion Stimulus Set via a screen. After each emotion, the instruction “now imitate it” was given. While the children watched the video, their faces were recorded with a webcam. The intensity of the children’s voluntary facial imitations was examined with a computer vision program (Openface) that performs facial analysis on recorded videos.

Results

There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of facial emotion recognition accuracy. In group comparisons of voluntary facial mimicry, children with ADHD showed a significantly higher imitation intensity after emotional expressions of sadness, surprise and fear. There was no difference between the groups after the emotions of happiness, anger and disgust.

Conclusion

This non-obtrusive, noninvasive, and cost-effective method allowed us to measure the quantitative differences in facial mimicry between children with ADHD and typically developing children. Our results contribute new information to the literature by indicating which emotions can be used in the evaluation of social communication skills, as well as intervention targets for these skills, in children with ADHD.

KEYWORDS:

• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• voluntary facial imitation
• facial emotion recognition
• openface
• facial behavior analysis

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the participating children and families.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Data avalibility

Data will be made available on request.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.