Improved Thermomechanical and Viscoelasticity Properties of Bio-Epoxy/date Palm Fiber Composite by Addition of Eggshell Particles

ABSTRACT

In this research, a novel eco-friendly green composite is fabricated by combining a biomatrix composed of a biopolymer, date palm fiber, and a filler obtained from discarded eggshell (ES) waste material. This research aims to check the influent of ES filler on thermal and viscoelasticity properties of bio-epoxy composite with incorporation of 40 wt.% date palm (DP) fiber. Various ES filler ratios, specifically 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 20 wt.%, are dispersed into the composite. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) approach were employed to investigate the properties of fabricated composites as a function of temperature in terms of storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E′′), Tan delta (Tan δ), glass transition temperature (Tg), and Cole-Cole plot. Overall, incorporating ES filler into the bio-epoxy/DP fiber composites increased E′, E′′, and Tg significantly. ES-filled composites containing 5 and 10 wt.% exhibited properties comparable to 15 wt.% but less than 20 wt.% ES filler. Thermal tests result show that 20 wt.% ES-filled materials outperform their counterparts in terms of heat resistance or thermal stability. The evidence suggests that the embodiment of ES filler in bio-epoxy/DP fiber composites yields enhancements in both thermal and dynamic mechanical properties. This indicates the potential for utilizing ES filler loading in advanced composite applications that prioritize thermal stability and sustainability.

摘要

在这项研究中，通过将由生物聚合物、椰枣纤维和从废弃蛋壳（ES）废料中获得的填料组成的生物基质相结合，制备了一种新型环保绿色复合材料. 本研究旨在考察ES填料对掺入40 wt%的生物环氧复合材料的热性能和粘弹性的影响椰枣（DP）纤维. 各种ES填料比例、特别是5 wt%，10 wt%，15 wt%，和20 wt%，分散到复合材料中. 采用热重分析（TGA）和动态力学分析（DMA）方法，研究了所制备的复合材料的储能模量（E′）、损耗模量（E’′）、Tanδ（Tanδ）、玻璃化转变温度（Tg）和cole-cole图随温度的变化. 总体而言，在生物环氧/DP纤维复合材料中加入ES填料显著提高了E′、E′′和Tg. 含5和10 wt%的ES填充复合材料表现出相当于15 wt%的性能但小于20 wt%ES填料. 热测试结果表明，20 wt%ES填充材料在耐热性或热稳定性方面优于同类材料. 有证据表明，ES填料在生物环氧/DP纤维复合材料中的实施方案提高了热性能和动态力学性能. 这表明在优先考虑热稳定性和可持续性的高级复合材料应用中利用ES填料负载的潜力.

KEYWORDS:

• Thermomechanical
• DMA
• bio-epoxy
• eggshell
• date palm fiber

关键字:

• 热力学
• 生物环氧树脂
• 蛋壳
• 椰枣纤维

Acknowledgments

The authors would like thank the King Saud University, Riyadh for providing the funding support for this research work using Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2023R680), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author’s contribution

Data curation, Sarmin SN and Jawaid M, Balbir Singh: Formal analysis, Sarmin SN, Ismail AS and Jawaid M; Funding acquisition, Jawaid M, Foud H, M. Hashem; Project administration, Foud H, Balbir singh, and Jawaid M; Writing – original draft, Sarmin SN, and Jawaid M; Writing – review & editing, Sarmin SN, Salim N, Jawaid M, B. Singh, M. Hashem, H. Fouad, and Dhakal HN. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Declarations

We confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere.

Human and animal rights

We declare that there are no animal studies or human participant involvement in the study.

Additional information

Funding

This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2023R680), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The authors are also grateful for the financial support given by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE) under the Higher Institution centre of Excellence (HICOE2.0/5210006) at The Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products.