Health effects of groundwater fluoride contamination

Abstract

Introduction: The people in Berhait block, Sahibganj district, Jharkhand state, India, have been exposed chronically to fluoride-contaminated groundwater. Hereby, we report the clinical effects of chronic exposure to fluoride. Methods: The study population was a convenience sample of 342 adults and 258 children living in the affected area. All volunteers filled out questionnaires and were examined. Well water from the six affected villages and urine samples were analyzed for fluoride using an ion-sensitive electrode. Results: Twenty-nine percent of 89 well water samples had fluoride concentrations above the Indian permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water. Eighty-five children and 72 adults had clinical fluorosis. Urine fluoride concentrations in children were 0.758–2.88 mg/L whereas in adults they were 0.331–10.36 mg/L. Discussion: Clinical effects of fluoride included abnormal tooth enamel in children; adults had joint pain and deformity of the limbs and spine, along with ligamentous calcifications and exostosis formations in seven patients. Elevated urine fluoride concentrations supported the clinical diagnosis of fluorosis. Owing to insufficient fluoride-safe wells and lack of awareness of the danger of fluoride toxicity, villagers often drink fluoride-contaminated water. Conclusion: Villagers of Berhait block, including children, are at risk from chronic fluoride toxicity. To combat the situation, villagers need fluoride-safe water, education, and awareness of the danger about fluoride toxicity.

Keywords :

• Groundwater fluoride contamination
• Fluoride in urine
• Adverse effects of fluoride
• Dental fluorosis
• Skeletal fluorosis
• Berhait block

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the villagers of Berhait block, Sahibganj district for their participation and assistance. Financial support from SOES is greatly acknowledged. Thanks to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, for awarding CSIR-SRF fellowship to the author (B.N.).

Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest.