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ABSTRACT
Accumulating experimental data have shown that endogenous hormones play important roles in regulating seed dormancy and germination. Zanthoxylum nitidum is a medicinal plant that propagates via seeds, which require a long dormancy period for normal germination, and complex changes in metabolites occur during the germination process. However, the regulatory network of endogenous hormones and metabolites during the germination of Z. nitidum seeds remains unclear. This study investigated the dynamic changes in the levels of metabolites and endogenous hormones during the germination of Z. nitidum seeds. The results revealed an increase in the levels of gibberellin 3 (GA3), 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and trans-zeatin (TZ) and decrease in the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), N-[(-)-jasmonoyl]-(S)-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and trans-zeatin riboside (TZR). Overall, 112 differential metabolites (DAMs) were screened from 3 seed samples (Sa, Sb and Sc), most of which are related to primary metabolism. A total of 16 DAMs (including 3 monosaccharides, 3 phosphate lipids, 3 carboxylic acids, 1 amino acid, 2 pyrimidines, and 4 nucleotides) were identified in the three sample comparison pairs (Sa vs Sb, Sa vs Sc, and Sb vs Sc); these DAMs were significantly enriched in purine metabolism; glycerophospholipid metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and pyruvate metabolism. OPDA, ACC and GAs were significantly positively correlated with upregulated metabolites, whereas ABA and JA were significantly positively correlated with downregulated metabolites. Finally, a hypothetical metabolic network of endogenous hormones that regulate seed germination was constructed. This study deepens our understanding of the importance of endogenous hormonal profiles that mediate seed germination.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Author contributions
Conceptualization, Yanxia Zhu and Guiyu Tan; methodology, Liang Wang, Qing Ma and Hongsheng Zhang; software, Jianping Jiang and qing Ma; formal analysis, Yanxia Zhu, Jianping Jiang and Hongsheng Zhang; resources, Liang Wang and Yanxia Zhu; writing-original draft preparation, Liang Wang, Yanxia Zhu and Jianping Jiang; writing-review and editing, Yanxia Zhu and Guiyu Tan; visualization, Qing Ma and Hongsheng Zhang; supervision, Yanxia Zhu and Guiyu Tan. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Abbreviation
| ABA | = | abscisic acid |
| ACC | = | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid |
| Aux | = | auxin), CTK (cytokinins |
| DAMs | = | differential metabolites |
| GAs | = | gibberellins |
| IAA | = | indole-3-acetic acid |
| ICA | = | 3-indoleformic acid |
| ICAId | = | indole-3-carboxaldehyde |
| IP | = | N6-(delta 2-Isopentenyl)-adenine |
| IPA | = | N6-isopentenyladenosine-D6 |
| JA | = | jasmonic acid |
| JA-Ile | = | N-[(-)-jasmonoyl]-(S)-isoleucine |
| OPDA | = | 12-oxophytodienoic acid |
| SA | = | salicylic acid |
| TZ | = | trans-zeatin |
| TZR | = | trans-zeatin riboside |
| Z. nitidum | = | Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC |
Supplementary material
Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2023.2251750