Evaluation of groundwater quality for life-supporting activities: a case study of Haryana, India

ABSTRACT

Present study deals with water quality (WQ) assessment season-wise ionic concentration in the Mewat district of Haryana, India. A total of 36 groundwater samples were collected, 12 each for the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons of 2016, to know the status of WQ for drinking and irrigation purposes. Piper, Durov, and Gibbs plots were used to find out the water type and the factors controlling the chemistry of groundwater, respectively. Piper diagram reveals that Ca-Cl and mixed Ca–Mg-C1 typed water during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon season’s where- Na-Cl water type indicates salinity problem. Gibb’s plot depicted that the weathering of rocks is the major reason behind the ionic chemistry of the groundwater. Water Quality Index (WQI) has been calculated to know the overall WQ based on physico-chemical parameters estimated for this study. It was found that Na⁺ concentration was dominant among cations and Cl^- among anions. Moreover, irrigation indices (KR, RSC, P.I, Cl^–/HCO3^–,SAR, and Na%) represent that majority of the groundwater samples during pre-monsoon (PRM) season were suitable for agricultural purposes but in monsoon (MON) and post monsoon (POM) season majority of samples lie in an unsuitable zone. The groundwater in the study region presents a high risk of salinization. Using the baseline data generated through this work, there is an immediate need for carrying out a detailed study to address the groundwater issues, understand salinity mechanisms, expansion of salinization in the fresh water aquifers and to suggest suitable management and remedial measures. Extension of this work is being carried out in the form of a purpose driven study under the National Hydrology Project aided by the World Bank.

KEYWORDS:

• Freshwater
• WQI
• SAR
• percent sodium
• groundwater
• salinization

Acknowledgements

Work was carried out as a part of Purpose Driven Study under the National Hydrology Project funded by World Bank. Dr. GK thanks Sehgal Foundation for logistic support during field work at Mewat. Authors thank the Director, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, and Head, Groundwater Hydrology Division for support and cooperation.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author contributions

R.S. prepared first draft and data analysis, G.K. conceptualized, fund acquisition, sampling, analysis, review and editing, and K review and editing, and A.K. review and editing.

Additional information

Funding

The National Hydrology Project, Funded by the World Bank, provided support for this work.