Remote ischaemic preconditioning increase tolerance to experimentally induced cold pain

ABSTRACT

Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) applied locally and remotely has been shown to reduce pain which may underpin its ergogenic effect on exercise performance, however, it is unclear how many IPC cycles are needed to induce hypoalgesia. Therefore the purpose of this study was to examine the number of cycles of IPC on experimental pain perception. Sixteen healthy participants underwent four, randomised, experimental sessions where they either underwent a sham protocol (1 × 5 min at 20 mmHg), and 1, 2 or 3 cycles × 5 min of remote IPC at 105% of limb occlusion pressure. Ten minutes post-intervention, participants underwent a cold-pressor test where pain threshold, pain tolerance and pain intensity were examined and compared between conditions with a one-way repeated measure analysis of variance. Pain threshold was not different between conditions (P = 0.065); but pain tolerance was increased by ∼30% in the 1 × 5 condition, 2 × 5 condition, and 3 × 5 condition compared to the sham condition. No differences in pain tolerance were seen between the different numbers of cycles (all P > 0.05). There was also no difference in the perception of pain 30 s into the cold pressor test (P = 0.279). Remote IPC appears to significantly improve tolerance to pain which may have significant implications for endurance performance and exercise rehabilitation, but this warrants further investigation.

Highlights

• We found that one, two or three cycles of ischaemic preconditioning improved cold pain tolerance by 30% compared to a sham protocol, but there was no clear effect of IPC on pain threshold or pain intensity.

• The pain reported during IPC decreased from cycle one to cycle three in the three cycle condition, suggesting a potential conditioned pain modulation effect.

• An increase in pain tolerance may explain why IPC can improve exercise performance and IPC itself could be used as a tool to improve tolerance to pain.

KEYWORDS:

• Ischaemic preconditioning
• passive blood flow restriction
• pain
• hypoalgesia
• cold pressor test

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The authors reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.