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Articles

The mathematics of Almada Negreiros

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Pages 333-346 | Received 14 Feb 2023, Accepted 10 Jul 2023, Published online: 04 Aug 2023
 

Abstract

In this paper, we deepen our study of the geometric work of Portuguese artist Almada Negreiros, who went beyond the usual practice of geometric abstractionists to find geometric regularities in ways that resemble the work of a mathematician.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the family of Almada Negreiros, who owns the estate, for the generous possibility of studying Almada’s work and for the permission for publishing the images in Figures and and the Center CEDANSA – NOVA FCSH. Credits for Figure : Manuelvbotelho – own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35070536.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 O cânone não é obra do homem, é a captação que o homem pode da imanência. É o advento inicial da luz epistemológica.

Ir encontro a um cânone. Eis a razão de todo o meu trabalho. […]

O cânone […] não está só nos exemplos da Idade Média, como não está só nos exemplos da Suméria, não está só nos de Creta, Gregos, Bizantinos, Árabes, Hebraicos, Românicos ou Góticos. Ele está sempre e é por isso mesmo que ele é cânone. E cada época tira do cânone as suas regras. […]

Todo o conhecimento geométrico é do seguinte teor: a divisão simultanea do quadrado e do circulo em partes iguais e partes proporcionais é a origem simultanea das constantes da relação nove/dez, grau, média e extrema razão e prova dos nove.

2 For a general view of the mural, visit the site https://gulbenkian.pt/almada-comecar/en/.

4 These always start with ANSA, as a reference to ‘Almada Negreiros and Sarah Affonso’, followed by an A or a C, depending on whether the drawing can be found in an artwork or a notebook, followed by one or more filing numbers.

5 Não é para eruditos que tento a divulgação. A eruditos apresento o resultado. Sujeito-me absolutamente à competência das suas respetivas erudições. Que venham. Mas não queiram trazer cálculo a conhecimento cuja característica é não o ter. Se o cálculo confirmar, parabéns ao calculo. Se não confirmar, cuidado com o cálculo.

6 One is reminded of a quote attributed to Einstein, about Eddington’s measurements at the time of the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919, in case they didn’t corroborate his theory: ‘Then I would have felt sorry for the dear Lord. The theory is correct.’

7 The usual symbol used for the letter phi, when referring to the golden number, is φ, we use this one to follow Almada’s choice.

8 Many of these drawings have been fully analysed in Costa and Freitas (Citation2015a), distinguishing the accurate constructions from the approximate ones.

9 We have seen this method being used today by artists with a similar interest in geometric constructions.

10 Le calcul a été poussé jusqu’au polygone de dix-sept cotés que l’on sait maintenat inscrire exactement ; mais la construction qui résulterait des calculs de M. Gauss serait tellement pénible, que cette approximation vaudrait encore mieux dans la pratique.

Additional information

Funding

The author is supported by FCT, I.P. through project [UID/HIS/00286/2019].

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