Interannual variation in lake areas over 50 km² on the Tibetan Plateau from 1986 to 2020 based on remote sensing big data

ABSTRACT

Lake distribution on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is extensive, and lake area changes are key indicators of the TP's climate change response. Many multisource remote sensing big data for the TP, particularly optical images, are unusable due to cloud cover. Therefore, an improved isobath interpolation-based lake area extraction method is proposed and applied to obtain annual average lake areas (≥ 50 km²) on the TP from 1986 to 2020 using remote sensing big data. The lake area result accuracy was verified using existing lake area and level datasets, yielding correlation coefficients of ∼0.9. The change points and segmented trends of each lake's interannual area sequence were obtained. The relationships between lake area and climatic variables were investigated. The positive accumulation of the total precipitation minus total evaporation explains the overall lake area expansion trend after 1995. The exorheic lake interannual area is related to precipitation more than that of endorheic lakes, but endorheic lake area changes are stronger. The shrinking of lakes on the southern TP may not be climate-driven but probably attributed to lake bottom leakage. We explore detailed interannual variation characteristics of lake areas on the TP and provide reference data for studying lake responses to climate change.

KEYWORDS:

• Tibetan Plateau
• lake area
• variation trend
• climatic variables
• remote sensing big data

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge all the scientists and engineers who contributed data at the United States Geological Survey, the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, and the Climate Prediction Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The authors also thank Google for providing free access to the Google Earth Engine platform and Esri for providing the service of World Hillshade basemap, and finally, thank anonymous reviewers and the editors for supporting this work.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The key codes for extracting lake area in this study are available to interested users: https://code.earthengine.google.com/17ce545ea551f0933587100715e9921d, https://code.earthengine.google.com/b9276a3fc78bfb8783ef38c8aaa049c9. The lake area dataset produced in this study was publicly published on the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (https://doi.org/10.11888/Terre.tpdc.300883).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [grant number XDA19070104], and the National Science and Technology Major Project of China's High Resolution Earth Observation System [grant number 21-Y20B01-9001-19/22].