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Abstract
Cranberries have a long history of use in the prevention of urinary tract infections. Cranberry products vary in proanthocyanidin content, a compound implicated in preventing the adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) to uroepithelial cells. Testing is routinely done by cranberry product formulators to evaluate in vitro bacterial anti-adhesion bioactivity, shelf-life, and potential efficacy of cranberry products for consumer use to maintain urinary tract health. Hemagglutination assays evaluate the anti-adhesion bioactivity of cranberry products by determining how effectively the products prevent agglutination of specific red blood cells with E. coli expressing P-type and Type 1 fimbriae. The current study sought to improve upon an established anti-adhesion assay method by expanding the number of E. coli strains used to broaden potential in vivo efficacy implications and presenting results using photomicrographic data to improve accuracy and build databases on products that are routinely tested. Different lots of cranberry powder ingredient and two formulated products were tested independently for anti-adhesion activity using the established method and the improved method. Positive harmonization of results on the same samples using rigorous controls was achieved and provides the substantiation needed for the cranberry industry to utilize the improved, rapid in vitro testing method to standardize cranberry products for sufficient anti-adhesion bioactivity and maintain consumer confidence.
Disclosure statement
Scott Bosley and Andrew Birmingham are employed by Complete Phytochemical Solutions, LLC, and Christian G. Kruger, Amy B. Howell and Jess D. Reed have ownership interest.
Correction Statement
This article was originally published with errors, which have now been corrected in the online version. Please see Correction: https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2023.2286740
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Scott Bosley
Scott S. Bosley is a Scientist for Complete Phytochemical Solutions, LLC. Graduated from the University of Wisconsin – Madison in 2020 with a Master of Science in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology. He is focused on developing assays to test the biological efficacy of dietary supplements.
Christian G. Krueger
Christian G. Krueger has been a Research Program Manager at the University of Wisconsin-Madison since 1995 and a founding member and Chief Executive Officer of Complete Phytochemical Solutions, LLC since 2010. He specializes in the development, validation and harmonization of methods for the authentication and quantification of bioactive compounds in dietary supplements, foods and beverages. Christian has published over 80 peer-reviewed manuscripts and holds numerous patents on natural product technologies. He is a member on several AOAC International Expert Review Panels, an Expert Reviewer with the AOAC Research Institute’s Performance Tested MethodSM Program, a member of the American Herbal Products Association’s Psychedelic Plants and Fungi Committee, a member of the American Botanical Council’s Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program and works closely with the United State Pharmacopeia (USP) to assist in development of monographs for the Dietary Supplement Compendia. He is an invited Advisory Council Member for Sonoran University of Health Sciences. His expertise in natural product chemistry, understanding of natural products supply chain management (growers, processors, formulators, and retail) and research experiences relating phytochemical structures to biologic function provides a unique skill set and background.
Andrew Birmingham
Andrew Birmingham is the Director of Analytic Service at Complete Phytochemical Solutions, LLC. He received his bachelor’s degree in biomedical biology from the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse and a master’s degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. While managing the laboratory, he is in the process of developing and maintaining a quality management system at Complete Phytochemical Solutions, LLC for ISO 17025:2017 accreditation.
Amy B. Howell
Amy B. Howell, PhD has been an Associate Research Scientist (now emeritus) at the Marucci Center for Blueberry Cranberry Research at Rutgers University in Chatsworth, NJ since 1993 and a founding member of Complete Phytochemical Solutions, LLC. She has been engaged in research that targets utilizing cranberry for prevention and management of bacterial diseases, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), stomach ulcers, and periodontal disease. Her primary research focus has been on isolating polyphenolic compounds from cranberry and determining their role in prevention of UTIs and collaborating on ex vivo clinical studies to determine effects of cranberry proanthocyanidins on uropathogenic bacterial adhesion in urine. She studies the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the structurally unique cranberry proanthocyanidins in an effort to determine site(s)of action and dose-response. Dr. Howell has been involved in method development for powdered cranberry supplements, working closely with regulatory teams from AOAC and USP (US Pharmacopeia) to determine standard methods for quantification of the bioactive compounds in cranberries.
Jess D. Reed
Jess Reed is Emeritus Professor of Nutrition at the University of Wisconsin-Madison with 40 years of postgraduate experience in research on the effects of dietary phytochemicals on the nutrition and health of animals and humans. He also directs the Reed Research Group (RRG) which consist of 3 core programs: Phytochemistry, Cardiovascular and Mucosal Immunity. The main thrust of our Phytochemistry Research Core is to determine the effects of oligomeric polyphenols (tannins) in foods on disease processes. This research effort includes development of phytochemical methods for characterization of structure and their interactions with proteins and polysaccharides, and mechanistic studies on the effects of tannins in cell culture and animal models of disease. We are currently studying the relationship between tannin structure and the ability of tannins to inhibit the adherence, invasion and colonization of mucosal epithelial cells by extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli and other bacteria that infect the GI tract, the urogenital tract and mammary gland. Dr. Reed is also a founding member and Chief Science Officer of Complete Phytochemical Solutions, LLC (CPS) since 2010. CPS is a provider of contract research and analytical services for the food industry.