https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7254-0717
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ABSTRACT
Brown adipocytes were proposed to reverse metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes, which make them potential for therapeutic applications. Brown adipocytes and browning process are capable of thermogenesis, the uncoupling metabolism which allows them to promote balanced energy expenditure, a fundamental mechanism for improving metabolic disorders. Thermogenesis process is not only performed by the thermogenin UCPs within the mitochondria, but instead, is globally regulated within brown and browning adipose tissues, which induces signalling molecules that can be sent to nearby and distant tissues to generate systemic effects on metabolism. This review highlights thermogenesis and describes the crosstalk between different organelles within browning and brown adipocytes, as well as their interorgan axes to regulate whole body metabolism. Finally, browning and thermogenesis activation will also be discussed in terms of physiological conditions, in which, we propose that thermogenesis and functional activities of brown adipocytes should be considered individually in future clinical application.
Abbreviations
| T3 | = | 3,3′,5-TRIIODOTHYRONINE |
| AC | = | ACYLCARTINIES |
| APC | = | ADIPOSE PROGENITOR CELL |
| ATGL | = | ADIPOSE TRIGLYCERIDE LIPASE |
| BMP | = | BONE MORPHOLOGY PROTEIN |
| BAT | = | BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE |
| SERCA2b | = | CA2+ ATPASE LOCALIZED INTO THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
| CL | = | CARDIOLIPIN |
| cAMP | = | CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE |
| ER | = | ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
| EC | = | ENDOTHELIAL CELLS |
| ERR | = | ESTROGEN-RELATED RECEPTOR |
| FA | = | FATTY ACIDS |
| FGF | = | FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR |
| FOXO | = | FORKHEAD BOX O |
| FFA | = | FREE FATTY ACID |
| GPR20 | = | G PROTEIN REGULATOR 20 |
| HFD | = | HIGH-FAT DIET |
| Hdac4 | = | HISTONE DEACETYLASE 4 |
| IGF-1 | = | INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR |
| IL-6 | = | INTERLEUKIN 6 |
| LD | = | LIPID DROPLETS |
| LPL | = | LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE |
| LAL | = | LYSOSOMAL ACID LIPASE |
| mTOR | = | MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN |
| MSC | = | MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL |
| Nrf1 | = | NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID-2, LIKE-1 |
| PPAR | = | PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS |
| PKA | = | PROTEIN KINASE A |
| SR | = | SACOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
| AMY | = | SALIVARY AMYLASE GENE |
| SIRT | = | SIRTUINS |
| SNS | = | SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| TH | = | THYROID HORMONE |
| TR | = | THYROID RECEPTORS |
| T4 | = | THYROXINE |
| TRL | = | TRIGLYCERIDE-RICH LIPOPROTEIN |
| DIO2 | = | TYPE II DEIODINASE (DIO2) |
| UCP1 | = | UNCOUPLING PROTEIN 1 |
| VEGF | = | VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR |
| VMH | = | VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS |
| WAT | = | WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE |
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Author’s contributions
Van Thi Tuong Nguyen planned and constructed the paper, and did the major work for the review. Vuong Van Vu contributed to writing defined sections and the major drawing of the diagrams. Phuc Van Pham suggested the ideas, and correct figures, edit the manuscript.