https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-8945
![Sample our Bioscience journals, sign in here to start your access, Latest two full volumes FREE to you for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5925/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Bioscience.jpg"})
ABSTRACT
Vaccines are an effective way to prevent the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance by preventing diseases and establishing herd immunity. However, the reduced effectiveness of vaccines in the elderly due to immunosenescence is one of the significant contributors to the increasing antibiotic resistance. To counteract this decline and enhance vaccine effectiveness in the elderly, adjuvants play a pivotal role. Adjuvants are designed to augment the effectiveness of vaccines by activating the innate immune system, particularly through pattern recognition receptors on antigen-presenting cells. To improve vaccine effectiveness in the elderly using adjuvants, it is imperative to select the appropriate adjuvants based on an understanding of immunosenescence and the mechanisms of adjuvant functions. This review demonstrates the phenomenon of immunosenescence and explores various types of adjuvants, including their mechanisms and their potential in improving vaccine effectiveness for the elderly, thereby contributing to developing more effective vaccines for this vulnerable demographic.
Acknowledgments
This work supported by a grant (22202MFDS173) from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2022, and the Korean Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HV22C0079 and HV23C0090), and the Gyeongsang National University Fund for Professors on Sabbatical Leave, 2023. The funders had no role in decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. MID (Medical Illustration & Design), a part of the Medical Research Support Services of Yonsei University College of Medicine, for providing excellent support with medical illustration.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Abbreviations
| AP1 | = | Activator Protein 1 |
| APCs | = | antigen-presenting cells |
| AS | = | adjuvant systems |
| ASC | = | apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD |
| BCR | = | B cell receptor |
| Blimp | = | B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein |
| CCL | = | C-C motif chemokine ligand |
| CMI | = | cell-mediated immunity |
| CTLs | = | cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
| CXCL | = | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand |
| DAMPs | = | danger-associated molecular patterns |
| DCs | = | dendritic cell |
| DDA | = | N, N’-demethyl-N, N’-dioctadecylammonium |
| dsRNA | = | double-stranded RNA |
| DUSP | = | dual-specific phosphatase |
| ERKs | = | extracellular signal-regulated kinases |
| GLA | = | glucopyranosyl lipid A |
| HSCs | = | hematopoietic stem cells |
| IFN | = | interferons |
| IKK | = | IκB kinase |
| IL | = | interleukin |
| IRAK | = | IL-1 receptor-associated kinases |
| IRF | = | induce interferon regulatory factor |
| JNK | = | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| LPS | = | lipopolysaccharides |
| MALP2 | = | macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2 |
| MAPKs | = | mitogen-activated protein kinases |
| MPLA | = | monophosphoryl lipid A |
| Mtb | = | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| MyD88 | = | myeloid differentiation factor 88 |
| NF-κB | = | nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
| NK | = | natural killer |
| NLRP3 | = | nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 |
| NOD | = | nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain |
| ODNs | = | oligodeoxynucleotides |
| PAMPs | = | pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
| PRRs | = | pattern recognition receptors |
| ssRNA | = | single-stranded RNA |
| TAK1 | = | transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase |
| TBK | = | TRAF-Associated NF-κB Activator-binding kinase |
| TCRs | = | T cell receptors |
| TDB | = | α, α’-trehalose 6, 6’-dibehenate |
| TNF | = | tumor necrosis factor |
| TRAF | = | TNF receptor-associated factor |
| Tregs | = | regulatory T cells |
| TRIF | = | toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β |
| VLP | = | virus-like particles |
| WHO | = | World Health Organization |