Exosomes: current knowledge and future perspectives

ABSTRACT

Exosomes are membrane-bound micro-vesicles that possess endless therapeutic potential for treatment of numerous pathologies including autoimmune, cardiovascular, ocular, and nervous disorders. Despite considerable knowledge about exosome biogenesis and secretion, still, there is a lack of information regarding exosome uptake by cell types and internal signaling pathways through which these exosomes process cellular response. Exosomes are key components of cell signaling and intercellular communication. In central nervous system (CNS), exosomes can penetrate BBB and maintain homeostasis by myelin sheath regulation and the waste products elimination. Therefore, the current review summarizes role of exosomes and their use as biomarkers in cardiovascular, nervous and ocular disorders. This aspect of exosomes provides positive hope to monitor disease development and enable early diagnosis and treatment optimization. In this review, we have summarized recent findings on physiological and therapeutic effects of exosomes and also attempt to provide insights about stress-preconditioned exosomes and stem cell-derived exosomes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Biomarkers
• exosomes
• micro-vesicles

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have supported me in the development of this review article.

First and foremost, I would like to thank my guide Dr. Rohini Agrawal, Head of the Department of Pharmacology of College of Pharmacy JSSATE, Noida, and Co-authors Deepraj Paul, and Virendra Nath.

Additionally, I would like to thank the technical team for their valuable assistance throughout the research process.

Lastly, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my colleagues and collaborators, who have provided valuable feedback, insights, and suggestions that have greatly enhanced the overall quality of this work. Your support and contributions have been invaluable, and I am deeply grateful for the opportunity to work with such an exceptional group of individuals.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authorss.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in the references in the public domain.

Additional information

Funding

The authors reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.