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Abstract
In this article, a higher-order degree of freedom (DOF) proportional–integral–derivative (PID) (3DOFPID) controller optimized with the meta-heuristic method of the water cycle algorithm (WCA) is proposed. Initially, WCA-tuned 3DOFPID is designed to the widely accepted power system model of two-area simple hydro-thermal (TASHT) system and the presented controller efficacy is revealed with other techniques discussed in the literature. Later, another interconnected power system model of two areas nonlinear realistic hydro thermal (TANRHT) system is considered for the investigative purpose by subjugating area-1 with step load perturbation (SLP) of 10%. The proposed controller is implemented to TANRHT without and with deliberating the integration of a geothermal power plant (GTPP). Dynamical responses of TANRHT reveal the efficacy of 3DOFPID over PID and 2DOFPID. Further, the impact of GTPP integration on the performance of the TANRHT system is demonstrated. Furthermore, the coordinated territorial strategy of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) is enacted with GTPP-integrated TANRHT system for performance improvement. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is conducted to reveal the robustness of proposed secondary and territorial control strategies.
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Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
CH. Naga Sai Kalyan
CH. Naga Sai Kalyan received his Ph.D degree from Acharya Nagarjuna University in the year 2021 and M.Tech degree from JNTUK, Kakinada, India in the year 2014. He is currently working as Associate Professor in EEE Department of Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, Guntur, India. He published more than 90 publications in various International Journals and Conferences. He is the guest editor to the MDPI Energies Journal and also to the Computational Mathematics. He received several best paper awards in the conferences conducted by the IEEE and technically supported by the Springer Nature. He is the reviewer for various Taylor and Francis, Springer and MDPI journals. His research interest includes design of controllers for interconnected power system models using soft computing techniques and application of FACTS devices in power system operation and control.
G. Sambasiva Rao
G. Sambasiva Rao received his Doctoral degree from JNTUH, Hyderabad, India in 2014. His research interest includes controlling techniques for duel inverter fed open end winding induction motor, FACTs Controllers, Power quality improvement. Currently he is working as Professor in EEE Department of RVR&JC College of Engineering, India.
Mohit Bajaj
Dr. Mohit Bajaj is a Research Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Graphic Era (Deemed to be University) in Dehradun, India. With a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the prestigious National Institute of Technology in Delhi, he has established himself as a distinguished scholar and researcher in his field. Fueled by a passion for innovation and sustainability, Dr. Bajaj’s primary research interests revolve around electric vehicles, renewable energy sources, distributed generation, power quality, and smart grids. His extensive contributions to the field are evidenced by his numerous research publications, comprising impactful journal articles, international conference papers, and book chapters. With a commitment to international collaboration, Dr. Bajaj actively engages with researchers in the renewable energy domain, fostering partnerships with esteemed institutions and scholars from various countries. Furthermore, Dr. Bajaj’s exceptional contributions have garnered global recognition. He is ranked among the World’s Top 2% Scientists for the three consecutive years according to a recent study conducted by researchers from ICSR Lab, Elsevier B.V., and Stanford University in 2021, 2022 and 2023, reaffirming his status as a prominent figure in the field of Electrical Engineering. Through his relentless pursuit of knowledge, extensive research contributions, and commitment to academic collaboration, Dr. Mohit Bajaj continues to shape the future of renewable energy and electrical engineering, leaving an indelible impact on the scientific community and inspiring the next generation of researchers.
Baseem Khan
Baseem Khan received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from Rajiv Gandhi Technological University, Bhopal, India in 2008, and the M.Tech and D.Phil. degrees in electrical engineering from the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India, in 2010 and 2014, respectively. He is currently working as a Faculty Member at Hawassa University, Ethiopia. His research interest includes power system restructuring, power system planning, smart grid technologies, meta-heuristic optimization techniques, reliability analysis of renewable energy systems, power quality analysis, and renewable energy integration.
Majeed Rashid Zaidan
Majeed Rashid Zaidan holds both a BSc and MSc degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Technology in Baghdad, Iraq, earned in 1986 and 2003, respectively. He currently serves as a lecturer at Baqubah Technical Institute, a part of Middle Technical University. His professional focus is on power systems and electrical machines. He has authored numerous papers for both local and international journals and has actively participated in several conferences, including the 2009 conference in Cairo on the Strategy of Technical Education in Iraq. Additionally, in 2011, he completed a management qualification program for Technical Education Leaders in London, UK.