https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4939-8841
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Abstract
Social programs are designed to reach beneficiaries and achieve expected objectives. There is a need to understand whether development programs work and their level of impact on the beneficiaries involved. Along these lines, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of Improved Technology adoption in Traditional Poultry Farming (ITTPF) on farmers’ potential outcomes in Togo. Baseline and follow-up data were collected from 400 farmers and analyzed using difference-in-differences models. The study reveals that five years after the implementation of the program, the annual gross profit increased on average by US$ 1294 for each program participant. The results of the heterogeneous impacts assessment indicate that participating in the program is a necessary condition for ITTPF adoption, but not sufficient for profit optimization. Overall, the program has a positive and significant impact on the potential outcomes of farmers in Togo. The government in its agricultural policy should mobilize more resources to enable considerably more farmers to adopt improved agricultural technologies. In addition, agricultural policymakers should implement the instruments of the chain planning, programming, budgeting, execution, monitoring and evaluation of all agricultural development programs and projects to make progressive adjustments for optimal results achievement and sustainable agricultural development.
Reviewing Editor:
Authors’ contributions
M. K. Soviadan: Conceptualization, design, methodology, sampling design, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, original draft preparation, writing and editing. O. Ahmed, Z. Kubik, and A. A. Enete: Methodology, data visualization, editing, critical revision for improving intellectual content. C. U. Okoye, and T. Glauben: Editing, critical revision for improving intellectual content. All authors have given their consent for the publication of the manuscript and have agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
The datasets generated and analyzed for this article are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Notes
1 In 2003, the Assembly of the AU that was held in Maputo committed to the allocation of at least 10% of national budgetary resources to develop the rural regions and agricultural sector in Africa, which is also part of the AU’s agenda 2063.
2 Turnover and Profit are estimated in USD (US$ 1 = XOF 550 at the time of the study).
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Mawussi Kossivi Soviadan
Dr. Mawussi Kossivi Soviadan (PhD) is a researcher in the Department of Agricultural Markets, Marketing, and World Agricultural Trade at the Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO). He studied economics and agricultural economics at the University of Lome (Togo), the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) in Nairobi (Kenya), the School of Economics at the University of Cape Town (South Africa), the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Nigeria (Nigeria), and the Center for Development Research (ZEF) at the University of Bonn (Germany). He wrote his PhD thesis in agricultural economics in the framework of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) scholarships. From February to June 2023, Dr. Mawussi Kossivi Soviadan was engaged by the United Nations World Food Program (UN-WFP) as a consultant to support the conception, implementation, and operationalization of the priority areas of the Agricultural Transformation Agency in Togo. From October 2009 to March 2017, he was employed in the agricultural sector in Togo as a technical and economic advisor and advisor in the management of agricultural cooperatives. His research interests include, but are not limited to, agricultural adaptation to climate change, improving farmers’ livelihoods, food security, econometric methods, and impact assessment analyses. His current research project at IAMO focuses on One Health in Food Systems by assessing the impact of the current extreme events and multiple crises (Climate change, COVID-19 pandemic, Russia-Ukraine war) on food systems and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (ICRAFS). The ICRAFS project is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) through the German Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) within the framework of the Bilateral Scientists Exchange Program.
Osama Ahmed
Prof. Dr. Osama Ahmed is a Research Associate in the Department of Agricultural Markets, Marketing, and World Agricultural Trade at the Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO). He is also an Associate Professor in the Department of Agricultural Economics at Cairo University (Egypt). He holds a Postgraduate Specialization Diploma (DSPU) in Business Economics and Management from the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Greece. Previously he gained a PhD in Agricultural Economics from Catalonia Polytechnic University in Spain. Osama Ahmed has a good command of Applied Economics, Agricultural Economics, and Food Economics with broad geographical coverage in African countries, such as Egypt and Niger, as well as European ones, such as Spain and Greece. He has been able to combine teaching as well as academic and professional experience.
Zaneta Kubik
Zaneta Kubik is a development economist. She obtained her PhD from the University of Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne. Currently, she is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Chair of International Economic Policy at the University of Göttingen. Previously, she worked at the Center for Development Research, University of Bonn. Her research interests include food security, rural labor markets, migration and climate change.
Anselm Anibueze Enete
Anselm Anibueze Enete (PhD) is currently a Professor of Agricultural Economics and holds the position of Head of the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN). From 1994-1998, he was a Research Fellow with the Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa (COSCA) at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan, Nigeria. In December 2003, he completed his PhD in Agricultural Economics at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (K.U.Leuven) in Belgium. From February, 2005 to March, 2006, he worked as a Consultant with the International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva on “Essential Research for a Cooperative Facility for Africa”. In 2020-2021, he conducted a study on the impact of, and response to, COVID-19 in Nigeria, funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Currently, he is leading a team studying the impact of backyard agriculture on household food security and livelihood during COVID-19 Era in Southeast Nigeria, sponsored by TETFUND. His research interests include, but are not limited to, agricultural adaptation to climate change, improving farmers’ livelihoods, and food security.
Chukwuemeka Uzoma Okoye
Chukwuemeka Uzoma Okoye (PhD) is currently a Professor of Agricultural Economics and former Head of the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) from where he earned a Doctorate in 2003. In 1994, he earned a Diploma in Environment and Development from the Leadership for Environment and Development Institute (LEAD Institute), London. In 1998, he was a Guest Researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. He has participated in many research training academies including the Doctoral School on Advanced Econometrical Techniques by CODESRIA, Senegal (2002). His research fellowship participation spans the Council for Development of Social Science Research in Africa (ODESRIA), African Academy of Sciences (AAS), African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS), Union for African Population Studies (UAPS), Social Science Council of Nigeria (SSCN), among others. His consultancy experience spans the World Bank, EU, DFID-PROPCOM, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), UNDP, among others. His current research interests in resource and environmental economics include climate change, agricultural productivity, household well-being, herder/farmer resource conflicts, agricultural waste management economics, and natural resource extraction transparency.
Thomas Glauben
Prof. Thomas Glauben is the Director of the Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO) and a full Professor at the University of Halle. He studied agricultural economics at Kiel University, where obtained the doctorate and the habilitation. He is a member of several national and international academic and policy-related advisory and management bodies. Mr. Glauben has assumed short-term assignments with international institutions including the World Bank and FAO. His work has been published in numerous peer-reviewed journals. His areas of interest include agricultural and food economics, development economics, and econometric methods.