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Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ) has various applications in cosmetics, health food, and apitherapy to treat chronic inflammation disorders. It is a milky white substance rich in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. RJ acts as an antioxidant, anti–inflammatory, and antimicrobial agent, which helps in reducing inflammation and boosting immunity. This review provides an insight into the sensory and chemical analytical aspects of RJ, with a focus on water, 10–hydroxy–2–decenoic acid (10–HDA), protein, and sugar contents, as well as the national and international quality standards of major honey–producing countries. The chemical composition of RJ varies across locations due to external conditions, nectar sources, harvesting conditions, and honeybee species, which affect its quantity and quality. Despite having a consistent composition, the production of RJ per honeybee colony is influenced by environmental conditions, nectar source attributes, and mineral, vitamin, and amino acid content. Advanced analytical methods are required to accurately quantify the diverse ingredients of RJ, which are responsible for its biological and pharmacological effects. Understanding the intricacies of RJ is essential to unlock its therapeutic potential. Notably, apiculture research at the national level acts as sensitive bioindicators, emphasizing the global need for honeybee standards. This exploration contributes to understanding how external factors affect honeybee health and bee product quality.
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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
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Notes on contributors
Fatima Khalfan Saeed Alwali Alkindi
Fatima Khalfan Saeed Alwali Alkindi is enrolled in master’s degrees in biotechnology from the University of Sharjah. Her thesis was inspired by her upbringing in a mountainous environment, where she developed an interest in beekeeping and its cultural significance. Now, as a livestock researcher in the Department of Agriculture and Livestock at Sharjah University, she emphasizes the importance of preserving this national heritage.
Ali El–Keblawy
Professor Ali Al-Keblawy holds a Ph.D. in Desert Plant Ecology.He is affiliated with The College of Sciences, Department of Applied Biology at the university of Sharjah and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al–Arish University, Arish, Egypt. His research interests include biodiversity conservation, propagation of native plants, and sustainable uses of natural resources.
Fouad Lamghari Ridouane
Dr. Fouad Lamghari Ridouane, Director of Fujairah Research Centre, earned his Ph.D. in Chemistry. His interests include environmental studies and product development.
Shaher Bano Mirza
Dr. Shaher Bano is the Principal Investigator of Data Science and Head of Startup and IP at Fujairah Research Centre, Fujairah, UAE. Her research interests include dietary supplements, native plants, computer-aided drug discovery, and designing.