The Median Effective Dose of Intrathecal Hyperbaric Bupivacaine for Cesarean Section at Moderately High-Altitude

Abstract

Objective

Alterations in altitude can lead to an augmented requirement for local anesthesia among patients. Nevertheless, the necessity for an elevated dosage of local anesthetic for parturients at moderately high altitudes during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section remains uninvestigated. This up-down sequential study endeavors to determine the ED₅₀ dose of bupivacaine required for spinal anesthesia during cesarean sections at moderately high-altitude.

Methods

Thirty singleton parturients at moderately high altitude underwent elective cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. The up-and-down sequential method was employed, starting with an initial dose of 12mg (1.6mL) of 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine for the first participant. The dose for the next case was adjusted up or down by 0.75mg based on the effectiveness of the previous participant. Effectiveness was defined as the bilateral sensory block reaching T6 within 15 minutes after spinal anesthesia injection, without the need for additional epidural anesthesia before fetal delivery. The ED₅₀ dose and 95% confidence interval were calculated using the Dixon sequential method and isotonic regression, respectively. The incidence of maternal hypotension, nausea, and vomiting during the study period was also recorded.

Results

The ED₅₀ of hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section was calculated as 8.23 mg (95% CI, 6.52–9.32 mg) using the Dixon up-and-down method. Further validation using isotonic regression yielded a value of 8.39 mg (95% CI, 7.48–9.30 mg), confirming the accuracy and sensitivity of the conclusion. During the operation, only 6 parturients experienced hypotension, and no adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, and shivering were observed.

Conclusion

The ED₅₀ dose of 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia during cesarean section at moderately high altitude is 8.23 mg, which exceeds the ED₅₀ dose typically required by parturients at low altitude. Comprehensive investigations are warranted to ascertain the ED₉₀ or ED₉₅ dose of local anesthetics for cesarean section at moderately high altitudes, thereby offering enhanced guidance for clinical practice.

Keywords:

• bupivacaine
• high altitude
• spinal anesthesia
• ED₅₀ dose

Data Sharing Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethics Approval

This trial was performed after receiving approval from the Ethics Committee of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (IRB2023-131) and People’s Hospital of Yongping County, Yunnan Province (ypxrmyy1120230001). This study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.

Acknowledgments

Chen Yang and Wangjun Dong are the co-first authors for this study. We would like to thank Wu Zhiyong expert grass-roots scientific research workstation for its support to the author Y.C.’s support work in Yunnan.

Disclosure

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.