Prevalence and Determinants of Symptomatic Dry Eye Disease Among Adult Urban Residents of High-Altitude Areas of Southwest Saudi Arabia – A Survey

Abstract

Purpose

To estimate the prevalence and determinants of Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score based dry eye disease (DED) among the adult urban population of four cities located at high altitudes in Southwest Saudi Arabia.

Methods

This cross-sectional survey was held in 2023. OSDI questionnaire was used to collect the responses of the adult participants. The score was further graded into none, mild, moderate, and severe DED to estimate age-sex-adjusted DED prevalence. The OSDI score was correlated to demographic (age group, gender, education, occupation, city) and risk factors like smoking and co-morbidities.

Results

Of the 401 adults, 388 (response rate of 97.8%) participated. The age-sex-adjusted prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe DED was 21.7%, 13.1%, and 32%, respectively. The median ODSI score was 22.9 [Interquartile range (IQR) 10.4; 47.9)]. The score was significantly higher in females (Mann–Whitney U-test P = 0.038), residents of Taif city (KW P = 0.05), those with primary/middle school education (Kruskal–Wallis P = 0.004), comorbidities like hypertension, asthma (KW P < 0.001) and risk factors like past refractive surgeries, arthritis (KW P = 0.013). Education status (P <0.001) [B = −9.0 95%] and presence of comorbidity (P = 0.022), [B = −0.823] were significant predictors of DED.

Conclusion

The prevalence of DED and severe grade was high. The level of education and presence of comorbidities significantly influenced DED in the adult urban Saudi population of cities at high altitudes.

Keywords:

• dry eye disease
• Ocular Surface Disease Index

Acknowledgments

We thank the people of four cities to cooperate and participate in this survey.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.