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Research Article

The ocular effects of spitting cobras: I. The ringhals cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus) Venom-Induced corneal opacification syndrome

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Pages 31-41 | Published online: 25 Sep 2008

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Gregory Cham, James Chuan-Hsin Pan, Francis Lim, Arul Earnest & P. Gopalakrishnakone. (2006) Effects of Topical Heparin, Antivenom, Tetracycline and Dexamethasone Treatment in Corneal Injury Resulting from the Venom of the Black Spitting Cobra (Naja sumatrana), in a Rabbit Model. Clinical Toxicology 44:3, pages 287-292.
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Mohammad Ismail, Abdullah M. Al-Bekairi, Ayman M. El-Bedaiwy & Mohammad A. Abd-El Salam. (1993) The ocular effects of spitting cobras: II. Evidence that cardiotoxins are responsible for the corneal opacification syndrome. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 31:1, pages 45-62.
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Articles from other publishers (17)

MaartenB Jalink. (2020) Ocular complications of spitting cobra venom. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 68:11, pages 2632.
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Marie Delafontaine, Claudia Panfil, Felix Spöler, Stefan Kray, François Burgher, Laurence Mathieu, Joël Blomet, Norbert F. Schrage & Denise V. Tambourgi. (2018) The Ex vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT) model as a mean of improving venom ophthalmia understanding. Toxicon 150, pages 253-260.
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Nadya Panagides, Timothy Jackson, Maria Ikonomopoulou, Kevin Arbuckle, Rudolf Pretzler, Daryl Yang, Syed Ali, Ivan Koludarov, James Dobson, Brittany Sanker, Angelique Asselin, Renan Santana, Iwan Hendrikx, Harold van der Ploeg, Jeremie Tai-A-Pin, Romilly van den Bergh, Harald Kerkkamp, Freek Vonk, Arno Naude, Morné Strydom, Louis Jacobsz, Nathan Dunstan, Marc Jaeger, Wayne Hodgson, John Miles & Bryan Fry. (2017) How the Cobra Got Its Flesh-Eating Venom: Cytotoxicity as a Defensive Innovation and Its Co-Evolution with Hooding, Aposematic Marking, and Spitting. Toxins 9:3, pages 103.
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Ryan Paterson, Brandy Drake, Geoffrey Tabin, Frank K. ButlerJrJr & Tracy Cushing. (2014) Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for Treatment of Eye Injuries and Illnesses in the Wilderness: 2014 Update. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 25:4, pages S19-S29.
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Michelle Khai Khun Yap, Nget Hong Tan, Si Mui Sim, Shin Yee Fung & Choo Hock Tan. (2014) Pharmacokinetics of Naja sumatrana (Equatorial Spitting Cobra) Venom and Its Major Toxins in Experimentally Envenomed Rabbits. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8:6, pages e2890.
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Ruben Andres Berthé, Guido Westhoff & Horst Bleckmann. (2013) Potential targets aimed at by spitting cobras when deterring predators from attacking. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 199:5, pages 335-340.
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Brandy Drake, Ryan Paterson, Geoffrey Tabin, Frank K. ButlerJrJr & Tracy Cushing. (2012) Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for Treatment of Eye Injuries and Illnesses in the Wilderness. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 23:4, pages 325-336.
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Edward R. Chu, Scott A. Weinstein, Julian White & David A. Warrell. (2010) Venom ophthalmia caused by venoms of spitting elapid and other snakes: Report of ten cases with review of epidemiology, clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Toxicon 56:3, pages 259-272.
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Gregory P. Wedin, Daniel E. Keyler & Elisabeth F. Bilden. 2009. General, Applied and Systems Toxicology. General, Applied and Systems Toxicology.
HT Fung, CH Choy, KH Lau, TSK Lam & CW Kam. (2017) Ophthalmic Injuries from a Spitting Chinese Cobra. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 16:1, pages 26-28.
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Bruce A. Young, Melissa Boetig & Guido Westhoff. (2009) Functional Bases of the Spatial Dispersal of Venom during Cobra “Spitting”. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 82:1, pages 80-89.
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. 2007. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose 399 432 .
Frank K. ButlerJr.Jr.. 2007. Wilderness Medicine. Wilderness Medicine 604 625 .
G. Westhoff, K. Tzschätzsch & H. Bleckmann. (2005) The spitting behavior of two species of spitting cobras. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 191:10, pages 873-881.
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Bruce A. Young, Karen Dunlap, Kristen Koenig & Meredith Singer. (2004) The buccal buckle: the functional morphology of venom spitting in cobras. Journal of Experimental Biology 207:20, pages 3483-3494.
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Dong-Zong Hung. (2004) Taiwan’s venomous snakebite: epidemiological, evolution and geographic differences. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98:2, pages 96-101.
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Jennifer Cascardi, Bruce A. Young, H.David Husic & Joseph Sherma. (1999) Protein variation in the venom spat by the red spitting cobra, Naja pallida (Reptilia: Serpentes). Toxicon 37:9, pages 1271-1279.
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