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Research Article

The ocular effects of spitting cobras: II. Evidence that cardiotoxins are responsible for the corneal opacification syndrome

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Pages 45-62 | Published online: 25 Sep 2008

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Mohammad Ismail, Abdullah M. Al-Bekairi, Ayman M. El-Bedaiwy & Mohammad A. Abd-El Salam. (1993) The ocular effects of spitting cobras: I. The ringhals cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus) Venom-Induced corneal opacification syndrome. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 31:1, pages 31-41.
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Articles from other publishers (25)

Jia Jin Hiu, Jared Kah Yin Fung, Hock Siew Tan & Michelle Khai Khun Yap. (2023) Unveiling the functional epitopes of cobra venom cytotoxin by immunoinformatics and epitope-omic analyses. Scientific Reports 13:1.
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Harry F. Williams, Karin Moejes, Jarred Williams, José R. Almeida, Ravi Savania, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ketan Patel & Sakthivel Vaiyapuri. (2023) Ashes to eye: A skilled snake handler’s experience with ophthalmic envenomation. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17:4, pages e0011264.
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M. Polláková, V. Petrilla, Z. Andrejčáková, M. Petrillová, D. Sopková & E. Petrovová. (2021) Spitting cobras: Experimental assay employing the model of chicken embryo and the chick chorioallantoic membrane for imaging and evaluation of effects of venom from African and Asian species (Naja ashei, Naja nigricollis, Naja siamensis, Naja sumatrana). Toxicon 189, pages 79-90.
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MaartenB Jalink. (2020) Ocular complications of spitting cobra venom. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 68:11, pages 2632.
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Tsung-Han Tsai, Chun-Chi Lin, Yan-Chiao Mao, Chia-Lien Hung, Yi-Chiang Yang, Chen-Chang Yang & Mei-Jy Jeng. (2020) Naja atra venom-spit ophthalmia in Taiwan: An epidemiological survey from 1990 to 2016. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 83:1, pages 77-83.
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Marie Delafontaine, Claudia Panfil, Felix Spöler, Stefan Kray, François Burgher, Laurence Mathieu, Joël Blomet, Norbert F. Schrage & Denise V. Tambourgi. (2018) The Ex vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT) model as a mean of improving venom ophthalmia understanding. Toxicon 150, pages 253-260.
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Nadya Panagides, Timothy Jackson, Maria Ikonomopoulou, Kevin Arbuckle, Rudolf Pretzler, Daryl Yang, Syed Ali, Ivan Koludarov, James Dobson, Brittany Sanker, Angelique Asselin, Renan Santana, Iwan Hendrikx, Harold van der Ploeg, Jeremie Tai-A-Pin, Romilly van den Bergh, Harald Kerkkamp, Freek Vonk, Arno Naude, Morné Strydom, Louis Jacobsz, Nathan Dunstan, Marc Jaeger, Wayne Hodgson, John Miles & Bryan Fry. (2017) How the Cobra Got Its Flesh-Eating Venom: Cytotoxicity as a Defensive Innovation and Its Co-Evolution with Hooding, Aposematic Marking, and Spitting. Toxins 9:3, pages 103.
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Biswajit Gorai & Thirunavukkarasu Sivaraman. (2017) Delineating residues for haemolytic activities of snake venom cardiotoxin 1 from Naja naja as probed by molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro validations. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 95, pages 1022-1036.
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Choo Hock Tan & Nget Hong Tan. 2017. Snake Venoms. Snake Venoms 3 45 .
Biswajit Gorai, Muthusamy Karthikeyan & Thirunavukkarasu Sivaraman. (2016) Putative membrane lytic sites of P-type and S-type cardiotoxins from snake venoms as probed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Molecular Modeling 22:10.
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Choo Hock Tan & Nget Hong Tan. 2015. Snake Venoms. Snake Venoms 1 37 .
Ryan Paterson, Brandy Drake, Geoffrey Tabin, Frank K. ButlerJrJr & Tracy Cushing. (2014) Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for Treatment of Eye Injuries and Illnesses in the Wilderness: 2014 Update. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 25:4, pages S19-S29.
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David R. NelsenZia NisaniAllen M. CooperGerad A. FoxEric C. K. GrenAaron G. CorbitWilliam K. Hayes. (2014) Poisons, toxungens, and venoms: redefining and classifying toxic biological secretions and the organisms that employ them. Biological Reviews 89:2, pages 450-465.
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Ruben Andres Berthé, Guido Westhoff & Horst Bleckmann. (2013) Potential targets aimed at by spitting cobras when deterring predators from attacking. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 199:5, pages 335-340.
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Brandy Drake, Ryan Paterson, Geoffrey Tabin, Frank K. ButlerJrJr & Tracy Cushing. (2012) Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for Treatment of Eye Injuries and Illnesses in the Wilderness. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 23:4, pages 325-336.
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Daniel Petras, Libia Sanz, Álvaro Segura, María Herrera, Mauren Villalta, Daniela Solano, Mariángela Vargas, Guillermo León, David A. Warrell, R. David G. Theakston, Robert A. Harrison, Nandul Durfa, Abdulsalam Nasidi, José María Gutiérrez & Juan J. Calvete. (2011) Snake Venomics of African Spitting Cobras: Toxin Composition and Assessment of Congeneric Cross-Reactivity of the Pan-African EchiTAb-Plus-ICP Antivenom by Antivenomics and Neutralization Approaches. Journal of Proteome Research 10:3, pages 1266-1280.
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Edward R. Chu, Scott A. Weinstein, Julian White & David A. Warrell. (2010) Venom ophthalmia caused by venoms of spitting elapid and other snakes: Report of ten cases with review of epidemiology, clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Toxicon 56:3, pages 259-272.
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Hin Tat Fung, Ka Keung Lam, Oi Fung Wong & Tommy Shing Kit Lam. (2010) Local Antivenom Treatment for Ophthalmic Injuries Caused by a Naja atra. Journal of Medical Toxicology 6:2, pages 147-149.
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Gregory P. Wedin, Daniel E. Keyler & Elisabeth F. Bilden. 2009. General, Applied and Systems Toxicology. General, Applied and Systems Toxicology.
HT Fung, CH Choy, KH Lau, TSK Lam & CW Kam. (2017) Ophthalmic Injuries from a Spitting Chinese Cobra. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 16:1, pages 26-28.
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Bruce A. Young, Melissa Boetig & Guido Westhoff. (2009) Functional Bases of the Spatial Dispersal of Venom during Cobra “Spitting”. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 82:1, pages 80-89.
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Frank K. ButlerJr.Jr.. 2007. Wilderness Medicine. Wilderness Medicine 604 625 .
G. Westhoff, K. Tzschätzsch & H. Bleckmann. (2005) The spitting behavior of two species of spitting cobras. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 191:10, pages 873-881.
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C. Yu & Thallampuranam K.S. Kumar. 2002. Wiley Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine. Wiley Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine.
M. Ismail, M.H.M. Aly, M.A. Abd-Elsalam & A.M. Morad. (1996) A three-compartment open pharmacokinetic model can explain variable toxicities of cobra venoms and their alpha toxins. Toxicon 34:9, pages 1011-1026.
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