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Abstract
This article explores the concept of the Imperial Public Sphere (IPS) in the Portuguese empire as a space for confrontation and negotiation within the framework of nineteenth and twentieth-century European colonial empires. In order to demonstrate the origin of political and ideological power, the emergence of IPS is characterized and its fundamental structures identified. The protagonists of IPS are revealed as the ‘imperial’ and ‘colonial’ elites. It concludes with the IPS hypothesis that the press and journalism are structures, institutions and mechanisms of political, social and cultural power that are essential for understanding colonial empires.
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Notes
1 Cronqvist and Hilgert, “Entangled Media Histories”, 135.
2 Habermas, The Structural Transformation.
3 Fraser, Transnationalizing Public Sphere.
4 For more on the Portuguese colonial empire during the nineteenth century, see Alexandre, “A Questão Colonial”; for the Portuguese liberal revolution, see Pedreira e Monteiro, “O Colapso do Império”; on the Regeneração, see Bonifácio, A Monarquia Constitucional; and on the constitutional monarchy, see Fernandes, “O Sistema Político”.
5 For more on colonial administration, see “Decisão na Metrópole”.
6 See Silva, Constitucionalismo e Império.
7 For more on the press in the Portuguese colonial empire see Fonseca, “The Press and Empire”.
8 For more on capitalism and Portuguese empire see, e.g., Telo, Economia e Império.
9 See Winseck and Pike, Communication and Empire.
10 For instance, in Mozambique the African elite published bilingual papers/ See Pinto e Mendonça, João Albasini.
11 Alves, Opinião Pública em Portugal; Tengarrinha, História da Imprensa Portuguesa.
12 For more on literature in the Portuguese language through empire, see Sadlier, The Portuguese-Speaking Diaspora, which is connected with the concept of ‘imagined communities’, Anderson, Imagined Communities.
13 Barton, The Press of Africa; Ochs, The African Press.
14 Innis, Empire and Communications.
15 Potter, News and the British World.
16 Kaul, Media and the British Empire.
17 Garcia et al, Media and the Portuguese Empire.
18 Rahmani, Sismographie des Luttes.
19 Raymond and Moxham, “News Networks”, 1-16.
20 Alves, Opinião Pública em Portugal.
21 Tengarrinha, História da Imprensa Portuguesa.
22 About political regimes in Portugal during nineteenth-century see Almeida, “Régimen electoral y representación parlamentaria”.
23 For more about the consequences of Portuguese political changes in African territories see Newitt, Portugal in Africa.
24 Alves, A Opinião Pública em Macau.
25 Ibid., 85.
26 Ibid., 275.
27 Ibid., 340.
28 Aranha, Subsídios para a História do Jornalismo.
29 Sholberg, “Journalism in Portuguese India”.
30 Lobo, “The Languages of the Goan”, 69-86.
31 See Paquette, Imperial Portugal.
32 For more about the history of the press in African colonies during colonialism see Fonseca, “A Imprensa e o Império”.
33 For more about the press in Angola, see Lopo, Jornalismo de Angola.
34 For more about the press in Mozambique, see Rocha, A Imprensa de Moçambique.
35 For more about the origins of African press in Mozambique see Penvenne, “João dos Santos Albasini”; in Angola see Wheeler, “Origins of African Nationalism in Angola”; in Cape Verde see Brito-Semedo, “A Construção da Identidade Nacional”; about Portuguese African see the seminal work by Andrade, “Origens do Nacionalismo Africano”.
36 E.g. in Cape Verde the cultural associations came before and were promoters of the press. For more about the press in Cape Verde, see Oliveira, A Imprensa Cabo-Verdiana.
37 Fonseca, “The Press and Empire”, 145-159.
38 For more about the role of the periodical press see Machado et al., Creating and Opposing Empire.
39 Roberts, “The Imperial Mind”, 24-76.
40 Beasley, Empire as the Triumph.
41 Xavier & Santos, “Cultura Intelectual das Elites Coloniais”, 9-33.
42 For more about the Portuguese empire, see Abshire and Samuels, Portuguese Africa and Jerónimo, O Império Colonial em Questão.
43 For more about ideology and culture in the colonial empire, see Lourenço, Do Colonialismo.
44 Habermas, The Structural Transformation, 232.
45 Mann, The Sources of Social Power.
46 Mackenzie, Propaganda and Empire, Citation1986. In the authoritarian period that followed the First Republic, the media was also used to propagandize, as demonstrated by Ribeiro in “Censorship and Scarcity”, 74-88.
47 Cooper, Colonialism in Question.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Isadora de Ataíde Fonseca
Isadora de Ataíde Fonseca, Faculty of Human Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Research Centre for Communication and Culture, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected]