HPV and Covid-19 Era: effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions on HPV transmission

ABSTRACT

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered the commonest viral cause of sexually transmitted infections. The impact of social distance measures due to Covid-19 pandemic on HPV spread is unknown. Therefore, this study has analyzed the seven-year trend of HPV prevalence in all patients tested for HPV DNA at the Microbiology and Virology Unit at Bari Policlinico. Moreover, the HPV prevalence in 2020 has been compared with the previous year ones in order to evaluate the consequences of lockdown and social distancing measures on transmission risks. From 2013 to 2020, we retrospectively analyzed 64 anal swabs, 418 biopsies, 5925 cervical-vaginal swabs, 512 cervical swabs, 104 gland swabs, 154 oral swabs, 21 seminal fluids and 503 urethral swabs. HPV DNA detection was initially performed using nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequently multiplex real-time PCR assay. All statistical tests were carried out by the open-source environment R 4.0.3 (R Core Team). The data were analyzed according to yearly positivity rates, temporal trend and prevalence of HPV genotypes (HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, HPV-18, high risk and low risk) by age category and sex. The number of patients increased steadily from 2016 to 2019 and then decreased in 2020. There were significant differences in prevalence between females and males for HPV-6 (6.16% in females Vs 30.80% in males), HPV-11 (0.82% Vs 7.16%) and HPV-16 (7.77% Vs 5.01%). The prevalence of HPV-6 and HPV-11 significantly increased in 2020 compared to 2013–2019 (15.72% Vs 8.52 and 3.18% Vs 1.44%). On the contrary, the overall prevalence of HPV DNA remained constant in 2020 (52.84% Vs 48.44%). Over time, the prevalence of HPV DNA (Coefficient=-0.020, p-value = 0.036) and particularly high-risk genotypes (Coefficient=-0.030, p-value = 0.005) decreased in females, while low-risk genotypes (Coefficient = 0.141, p-value= < 0.001) and the prevalence of HPV DNA increased in males (Coefficient = 0.068, p-value = 0.008). During the pandemic, the number of screened patients declined, although HPV prevalence compared to 2013–2019 remained constant or increased as in the case of low-risk genotypes. It can be assumed that the reduction of the screening coverage favored the emerging of the more symptomatic low-risk infections. In conclusion, nonpharmaceutical interventions due to Covid-19 pandemic did not reduce the risk of HPV infection but it likely caused a decrease in access to health services resulting in an increased risk of undiagnosed HPV.

KEY MESSAGES

• To decrease the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on the general population, several measures of social distancing were worldwide implemented potentially affecting sexual behaviors.

• Evaluating the impact of the social distancing measures on the risk of sexually transmitted infections, the published studies reached contradictory results showing the absence of a common epidemiological trend.

• The overall prevalence of HPV and some of its genotypes among female and male patients did not decrease in 2020 compared to the years 2013–2019.

• The risk of the HPV infection was not affected by the social distancing measures.

KEYWORDS:

• HPV
• HPV DNA
• COVID-19 outbreak
• Italy
• STI

Acknowledgment

We gratefully thank Prof. Addolorata Pastore for editing the original manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author contributions

All authors have equally contributed to the study, drafted and revised critically the manuscript. They have given final approval to the version to be published.

Data availability statement

Data will be available on reasonable request, by e-mail to Prof. R. Del Prete ([email protected])

Ethics approval

This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This was designed as a retrospective study, so specific approval by the Ethics Committee was not required by Italian law.

Informed consent

For this type of study, formal consent is not required according to current national law from Italian Medicine Agency.

Additional information

Funding

This study has received no grants or sponsorships.