“The Freedom to Teach”: The Role of (Re)Professionalization in Cultivating Responsive Schooling for Immigrant Students

Figures & data

Table 1. School characteristics.

	Enrollment	Student Demographics (%)	Economic Need Index^a (%)	English Learners^b (%)	Special Education (%)	4-year graduation rates (%)
Crossroads	334	43 Latinx	95	76	3	80%
		24 Asian
		21 Black
		11 White

Source: New York City Department of Education Administrative Data and authors’ calculations.

^aThe Economic Need Index is based on the percentage of families (with school-age children) in the student’s census tract whose income is below the poverty level, as estimated by the American Community Survey 5-Year estimate.

^bAll students entering the ninth grade at these schools are classified as English Learners. These numbers reflect that some students are reclassified before graduation.

Table 2. Codes related to professional conditions with corresponding definitions.

Teacher Evaluation	Refers to discussions/activities related to teacher evaluation. May be used to describe school-based teacher evaluation systems.
Hiring and Enculturation	Refers to discussions/activities related to hiring and supporting new teachers to acquire the norms, values, and signature practices of the school. May include training activities, new teacher PD, and mentoring programs that are specifically for new teachers.
Collaboration – Curriculum	Refers to two or more teachers co-planning, creating curricula, or modifying curricula, especially across subjects and grades. May also refer to factors that support or impede collaboration.
Collaboration – Other	Refers to two or more teachers working together on aspects of their school that are unrelated to curriculum.
Professional Development/Teacher Learning	Refers to formal and informal professional development opportunities for teachers. May also refer to the lack of professional development opportunities.
Teacher Influence/Autonomy (on schoolwide policy, curriculum, hiring, etc.)	Refers to discussions or examples of teachers exercising (or not exercising) decision-making power and/or autonomy.

Figure 1. Teacher professionalization and immigrant ELs.