Figures & data
Figure 1. Four circumstances in which individuals may be jointly liable for a single criminal offence.
Note: Adapted from Judicial College (Citation2023). Procuring also makes D an accessory, where D2's ‘liability of commanding or procuring will depend on proof that [D2's] conduct caused [D1] to commit the offence and that [D2] acted with the intent to ‘to produce by endeavour' the commission of the offence’ (Judicial College Citation2023: 7-9 emphasis in original).
![Figure 1. Four circumstances in which individuals may be jointly liable for a single criminal offence.Note: Adapted from Judicial College (Citation2023). Procuring also makes D an accessory, where D2's ‘liability of commanding or procuring will depend on proof that [D2's] conduct caused [D1] to commit the offence and that [D2] acted with the intent to ‘to produce by endeavour' the commission of the offence’ (Judicial College Citation2023: 7-9 emphasis in original).](/cms/asset/275dc310-74cc-4441-9f05-ad6d8615ce0b/rcic_a_2331730_f0001_oc.jpg)
Table 1. Demographic details of research participants.