Short stature in small-for-gestational-age offspring born to mothers with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of the study population.

Table 1. Comparison of maternal characteristics between the SGA and non-SGA short stature groups.

Maternal characteristics	SGA short stature group (n = 80)	Non-SGA short stature group (n = 114)	P-value
Age (years)	32.5 (22.0–46.0)	33.5 (19.0–45.0)	0.31
Height (cm)	154.0 (142.0–169.0)	156.0 (140.0–171.0)	0.01
Types of pregnancy
Primigravida	52 (65.0%)	81 (71.1%)	0.43
Multigravida	28 (35.0%)	33 (28.9%)
Types of HDP
PE	68 (85.0%)	108 (94.7%)	0.03
SPE	12 (15.0%)	6 (5.3%)
Gestational day of onset of HDP	197.0 (103.0–267.0)	216.5 (135.0–281.0)	<0.001
Day of delivery	211.5 (169.0–267.0)	230.0 (174.0–288.0)	<0.001
22–26 gestational weeks	18 (22.5%)	5 (4.4%)
27–31 gestational weeks	35 (43.8%)	36 (31.6%)
32–36 gestational weeks	23 (28.8%)	61 (53.5%)
37–41 gestational weeks	4(5.0%)	12 (10.5%)
Days from onset of HDP to delivery	5.0 (0.0–117.0)	9.0 (0.0–87.0)	0.13
Methods of delivery
Vaginal delivery	8 (10.0%)	18 (16.8%)	0.29
Cesarean section	72 (90.0%)	96 (84.2%)

SGA: small-for-gestational age, HDP: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, PE: preeclampsia, SPE: superimposed preeclampsia.

Table 2. Comparison of neonatal characteristics between the SGA and non-SGA short stature groups.

Neonatal characteristics	SGA short stature group (n = 80)	Non-SGA short stature group (n = 114)	P-value
Sex
Male	46 (57.5%)	56 (49.1%)	0.31
Female	34 (42.5%)	58 (50.9%)
Birth weight (g)	825.5 (316.0–2052.0)	1237.0 (432.0–2327.0)	<0.001
Birth length (cm)	33.5 (24.5–45)	37.6 (36–47.5)	<0.001
Birth weight (SD)	−2.9 (−6.3–-2.0)	−2.6 (−7.8–-1.3)	<0.001
Birth length (SD)	−2.6 (−6.0–-1.3)	−2.2 (−6.7–-1.3)	0.003
Apgar score, 1 min	5 (1–8)	7 (1–10)	<0.001
Apgar score, 5 min	8 (1–10)	9 (1–10)	0.001
Complications
Respiratory distress syndrome	32 (40.0%)	33 (28.9%)	0.17
Chronic lung disease	22 (27.5%)	8 (7.0%)	<0.001
Sepsis	6 (7.5%)	1 (0.9%)	0.02
Intraventricular hemorrhage	4 (5.0%)	2 (1.8%)	0.23
Necrotic enteritis	2 (2.5%)	2 (1.8%)	>0.99

SGA: small-for-gestational age, SD: standard deviation.

Table 3. Comparison of the maternal age, height, types of pregnancy, types of HDP, gestational age, and sex of the offspring between the SGA and non-SGA short stature groups by logistics regression analysis.

	SGA short stature group (n = 80)	Non-SGA short stature group (n = 114)	OR	95% CI
Maternal age (years)	32.5 (22.0–46.0)	33.5 (19.0–45.0)	0.97	0.91–1.03
Height (cm)	154.0 (142.0–169.0)	156.0 (140.0–171.0)	0.93	0.87–0.98
Types of pregnancy
Primigravida	52 (65.0%)	81 (71.1%)	1.28	0.65–2.51
Multigravida	28 (35.0%)	33 (28.9%)
Types of HDP
PE	68 (85.0%)	108 (94.7%)	0.92	0.37–2.30
SPE	12 (15.0%)	6 (5.3%)
Day of delivery	211.5 (169.0–267.0)	230.5 (174.0–288.0)	3.93	2.09–7.40
Sex
Male	46 (57.5%)	56 (49.1%)	1.35	0.73–2.52
Female	34 (42.5%)	58 (50.9%)

HDP: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, SGA: small-for-gestational age, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.

Table 4. Comparison of the maternal age, height, types of pregnancy, types of HDP, day of delivery, and sex of the offspring between the non-catch-up and catch-up groups by logistics regression analysis.

	Non-catch-up group (n = 72)	Catch-up group (n = 126)	OR	95% CI
Maternal age (years)	32.0 (23.0–46.0)	33.5 (19.0–45.0)	0.95	0.90–1.01
Height (cm)	155.0 (144.0–168.0)	156.0 (140.0–171.0)	0.95	0.89–1.00
Types of pregnancy
Primigravida	48 (66.7%)	86 (68.2%)	0.87	0.44–1.70
Multigravida	24 (33.3%)	40 (31.8%)
Types of HDP
PE	61 (84.7%)	117 (92.9%)	1.72	0.62–4.76
SPE	11 (15.3%)	9 (7.1%)
Day of delivery	209.5 (170.0–258.0)	227.0 (169.0–288.0)	2.75	1.43–5.26
Sex
Male	45 (62.5%)	59 (46.8%)	1.85	0.99–3.45
Female	27 (37.5%)	67 (53.2%)

HDP: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.