Regional differences in clinical characteristics and fetal and maternal outcomes of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in China: a retrospective study

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of 1,340 pregnancy complicated by hypertensive disorders across the three Chinese regions.

	A	B	C	^αP	^βP	^γP
No. of deliveries	6170	17332	2757
Age (x±SD) (years)	33.02 ± 4.344	31.30 ± 5.100	29.18 ± 5.283	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
$\underset{\_}{\le }$24	6 (1.7%)	82 (8.7%)	9 (17.7%)	<0.01	<0.01	0.06
25–29	69 (19.9%)	347 (36.8%)	20 (39.2%)	<0.01	<0.01	0.84
30–34	140 (40.5%)	283 (30.0%)	16 (31.4%)	<0.01	0.28	0.96
35–39	110 (31.8%)	179 (19.0%)	3 (5.9%)	<0.01	<0.01	0.03
$\underset{\_}{\ge }$40	21 (6.0%)	52 (5.5%)	3 (5.9%)	0.81	0.79	0.84
Ethnicity
Han	331 (95.7%)	899 (95.3%)	35 (68.63%)	0.92	<0.01	<0.01
Other races	15 (4.3%)	44 (4.7%)	16 (31.37%)	0.92	<0.01	<0.01
Parity
0	155 (44.7%)	537 (56.9%)	37 (72.5%)	<0.01	<0.01	0.04
1	125 (36.1%)	362 (38.3%)	12 (23.5%)	0.46	0.11	0.047
$\underset{\_}{\ge }$2	66 (19.1%)	44 (4.7%)	2 (3.9%)	<0.01	0.01	0.61
BMI (kg/m^2)
<18.5	8 (2.3%)	122 (12.9%)	5 (9.8%)	<0.01	0.017	0.66
18.5–23.9	155 (44.8%)	566 (60.0%)	22 (43.1%)	<0.01	0.94	0.02
24–27.9	92 (26.6%)	186 (19.7%)	18 (35.3%)	<0.01	0.26	0.012
28–29.9	40 (11.6%)	36 (3.8%)	5 (9.8%)	<0.01	0.71	0.08
≥30	51 (14.7%)	33 (3.5%)	1 (2.0%)	<0.01	0.01	0.85
Comorbidities
Chronic hypertension	115 (33.2%)	41 (4.3%)	5 (9.8%)	<0.01	<0.01	.14
Diabetes mellitus	25 (5.92%)	19 (2.01%)	0 (0)	<0.01	.09	.62
Thyroid disease	35 (9.0%)	101 (10.7%)	4 (7.8%)	0.76	0.78	0.68
Autoimmune disease	10 (2.9%)	0	0	-	-	-
Chronic kidney disease	13 (3.5%)	14 (1.5%)	0	<0.01	-	-

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation BMI: body mass index; α: A v.s. B; A v.s. C; B v.s. C.

Table 2. Maternal outcome of 1,340 pregnancy complicated by hypertensive disorders across the three Chinese regions.

	A	B	C	^αP	^βP	^γP
No. of HDP	346/6170 (5.61%)	943/17332 (5.44%)	51/2757 (1.85%)	0.62	<0.01	<0.01
GH	74 (21.4%)	364 (38.6%)	15 (29.4%)	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
CH	94 (27.2%)	4 (0.4%)	1 (0.2%)	<0.01	<0.01	0.62
CH+PE	21 (6.1%)	37 (3.9%)	4 (7.8%)	0.14	0.86	0.31
PE	20 (5.7%)	211 (22.4%)	15 (29.4%)	<0.01	<0.01	0.32
SPE	110 (41.0%)	305 (32.3%)	16 (39.2%)	0.85	0.92	0.99
HELLP syndrome	26 (7.5%)	22 (2.3%)	0	<0.01	-	-
Eclampsia	1 (0.3%)	0	0	-	-	-
Gestational weeks when HDP onset (weeks)
<34	197 (56.9%)	111 (11.8%)	14 (27.5%)	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
$\underset{\_}{\ge }$34	149 (43.1%)	832 (88.2%)	37 (72.5%)	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Singleton pregnancy	301 (87.0%)	839 (89.0%)	47 (92.2%)	0.33	0.30	0.48
Twin pregnancy	45 (13.0%)	104 (11.0%)	4 (7.8%)	0.33	0.30	0.48
Gestational weeks at delivery (weeks)
<28	22 (6.3%)	3 (0.3%)	0	<0.01	-	-
28–33	44 (12.7%)	92 (9.8%)	0	0.13	-	-
34–36	59 (17.1%)	157 (16.7%)	6 (11.8%)	0.86	0.34	0.36
$\underset{\_}{\ge }$37	221 (63.9%)	691 (73.3%)	45 (88.2%)	<0.01	<0.01	0.02
Complications
Anemia	56 (16.2%)	218 (23.1%)	12 (23.5%)	<0.01	0.27	0.92
GDM	114 (32.9%)	258 (27.4%)	5 (9.8%)	.06	<0.01	<0.01
Postpartum hemorrhage	105 (30.3%)	160 (17.0%)	4 (7.8%)	<0.01	<0.01	0.13
Scr$\underset{\_}{\ge }$102 μmol/L	13 (3.8%)	8 (0.8%)	0	<0.01	-	-
ALB <25 g/L	10 (2.9%)	49 (5.2%)	0 (0.0%)	0.11	0.45	0.18
ALT$\underset{\_}{\ge }$40 U/L	22 (6.4%)	52 (5.5%)	1 (2.0%)	0.66	0.35	0.44
AST$\underset{\_}{\ge }$35 U/L	34 (9.8%)	75 (8.0%)	3 (5.9%)	0.34	0.52	0.79
Severe adverse maternal outcomes
Placental abruption	3 (0.9%)	31(3.3%)	2 (3.9%)	0.03	0.25	0.88
Heart failure	10 (2.9%)	8 (0.8%)	0	.01	-	-
Pulmonary edema	2 (0.6%)	4 (0.4%)	0	.92	-	-
ICU admission	4 (1.2%)	7 (0.7%)	0	.71	-	-
Acute kidney injury	13 (3.8%)	8 (0.8%)	0	<.01	-	-
Mode of delivery (based on number of live births, %)
No. of live birth	329	931	51
Vaginal delivery	97 (29.5%)	343 (36.8%)	23 (45.1%)	0.01	0.03	0.24
Caesarean section	232 (70.5%)	588 (63.2%)	28 (54.9%)	0.01	0.03	0.24

Abbreviations: HDP: hypertension disorders in pregnancy, GH: gestational hypertension, CH: chronic hypertension, PE: preeclampsia, SPE: severe preeclampsia, HELLP: hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low platelet, GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus, Scr: Serum creatinine, ALB: albumin, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase; α: A v.s. B; A v.s. C; B v.s. C.

Table 3. Fetal/Neonatal outcome of 1,340 pregnancy complicated by hypertensive disorders across the three Chinese regions.

	A	B	C	^αP	^βP	^γP
No. of HDP	346	943	51
Twin pregnancy	45 (13.0%)	104 (11.0%)	4 (7.8%)	0.33	0.30	0.48
Gestational weeks at delivery (twin pregnancy) (weeks)
<28	0	0
28–33^+6	2 (4.4%)	10 (9.6%)	0	0.46	-	-
34–36^+6	17 (37.8%)	49 (47.1%)	2 (50%)	0.29	-	-
$\underset{\_}{\ge }$37	26 (57.8%)	45 (43.3%)	2 (50%)	0.10	-	-
Total number of fetuses	391	1047	55
Live birth infants [n (%)]	374 (95.7%)	1035 (98.9%)	55 (100%)	<0.01	0.23	-
Gestational weeks at delivery (live infants)
<28	7 (1.9%)	1 (0.1%)	0	-	-	-
28–33^+6	44 (11.8%)	94 (9.1%)	0	0.13	-	-
34–36^+6	76 (20.3%)	204 (19.7%)	8 (15.7%)	0.8	0.31	0.35
$\underset{\_}{\ge }$37	247 (66.0%)	736 (71.1%)	47 (84.3%)	0.07	<0.01	0.02
Neonatal death [n (%)]	17%)	12%)	0%)	<0.01	0.23	-
<28	15	2	0
28–33^+6	2	8	0
34–36^+6	0	2	0
FGR	57 (15.2%)	97 (9.4%)	5 (9.1%)	<0.01	0.23	0.94
Birth weight of Live birth infants
<1500 g	35 (9.3%)	54 (5.2%)	0	<0.01	-	-
1500–2500 g	102 (27.3%)	208 (20.1%)	9 (16.4%)	<.01	0.08	0.50
2500 g-4000 g	227 (60.7%)	740 (71.5%)	43 (78.2%)	<0.01	0.01	0.28
≥4000 g	10 (2.7%)	33 (3.2%)	3 (5.4%)	0.62	0.48	0.60

Abbreviations: HDP: hypertension disorders in pregnancy, FGR: fetal growth restriction.

α: A v.s. B; A v.s. C; B v.s. C.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author Yingdong He, upon reasonable request.