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Research Article

Wong Kim Ark’s children: immigrant citizenship under Chinese exclusion

Received 17 Jan 2023, Accepted 26 Mar 2024, Published online: 07 May 2024

Figures & data

Figure 1. Departure statement of Wong Kim Ark, November 5, 1894, in the matter of Wong Kim Ark for a writ of habeas corpus, U.S. District Court for the Southern (San Francisco) division of the Northern District of California, Records of District Courts of the United States, 1865–2009 (Record Group 21), NAID: 2641490, National Archives at San Francisco, San Bruno, California.

Figure 1. Departure statement of Wong Kim Ark, November 5, 1894, in the matter of Wong Kim Ark for a writ of habeas corpus, U.S. District Court for the Southern (San Francisco) division of the Northern District of California, Records of District Courts of the United States, 1865–2009 (Record Group 21), NAID: 2641490, National Archives at San Francisco, San Bruno, California.

Figure 2. Application for alleged American-born Chinese for preinvestigation of status by Wong Kim Ark, 1913, Return Certificate Application Case Files of Chinese Departing, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (Record Group 85), NAID: 18556185, National Archives at San Francisco, San Bruno, California.

Figure 2. Application for alleged American-born Chinese for preinvestigation of status by Wong Kim Ark, 1913, Return Certificate Application Case Files of Chinese Departing, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (Record Group 85), NAID: 18556185, National Archives at San Francisco, San Bruno, California.

Figure 3. Application of alleged American citizen of the Chinese race for preinvestigation of status by Wong Kim Ark, 1931, Return Certificate Application Case Files of Chinese Departing, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (Record Group 85), NAID: 18556185, National Archives at San Francisco, San Bruno, California.

Figure 3. Application of alleged American citizen of the Chinese race for preinvestigation of status by Wong Kim Ark, 1931, Return Certificate Application Case Files of Chinese Departing, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (Record Group 85), NAID: 18556185, National Archives at San Francisco, San Bruno, California.