Effects of Salvia. Essential Oils on the Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay

Figures & data

Table 1.. Information on the plant material.

Salvia. ssp.	Collection site	Altitude (m)	Collection period	Essential oil yield^a. (%)	AAD^b.
S. hedgeana.	Sivas: Divriği, Uzunkaya village	1545	June 2002	0.2	10887
S. huberi.	Erzurum: Oltu, Dutlu village	1285	July 2002	0.2	11058
S. pisidica.	Antalya: Korkuteli-Karaman village	1430	August 2002	0.18	10924

^a.Essential oil yields are given on moisture-free basis (v/w).

^b.AAD: Herbarium code of the collector.

Table 2.. The composition of the essential oils of Salvia. species.

No.	Compound	RRI	S. hedgeana.	S. huberi.	S. pisidica.
1	Tricyclene	1014	0.1	0.1	—
2	α-Pinene	1032	4.0	10.1	0.3
3	α-Thujene	1035	0.3	0.1	—
4	Camphene	1076	0.9	2.4	0.2
5	β-Pinene	1118	30.0	12.3	0.1
6	Sabinene	1132	3.2	3.2	0.1
7	Myrcene	1174	1.0	1.0	tr
8	α-Terpinene	1188	0.2	0.1	0.1
9	Limonene	1203	7.9	6.7	0.1
10	1,8-Cineole	1213	23.1	20.4	4.7
11	(Z.)-β-Ocimene	1246	0.8	tr	—
12	γ-Terpinene	1255	0.4	0.3	0.2
13	(E.)-β-Ocimene	1266	0.2	tr	—
14	p.-Cymene	1280	0.3	0.1	0.8
15	Terpinolene	1290	0.1	0.1	0.1
16	1-Octen-3-one	1304	tr	0.1	—
17	3-Octyl acetate	1345	—	—	0.1
18	Octenyl acetate	1386	—	0.1	0.1
19	(Z.)-3-Hexenol	1391	—	0.1	—
20	3-Octanol	1393	tr	0.2	0.1
21	α-Thujone	1437	—	—	0.2
22	γ-Campholene aldehyde	1439	—	0.1	—
23	β-Thujone	1451	—	—	4.2
24	1-Octen-3-ol	1452	0.2	0.5	—
25	Eucarvone	1465	—	—	0.1
26	trans.-Sabinene hydrate	1474	0.6	0.7	0.5
27	α-Copaene	1497	0.1	1.1	—
28	α-Campholene aldehyde	1499	—	—	0.6
29	Chrysanthenone	1522	—	—	0.1
30	Camphor	1532	2.2	6.6	21.7
31	β-Bourbonene	1535	0.1	—	—
32	β-Cubebene	1549	—	0.2	—
33	Linalool	1553	0.1	0.1	0.3
34	cis.-Sabinene hydrate	1556	0.2	0.2	0.4
35	trans-p.-Menth-2-en-1-ol	1571	0.1	tr	0.1
36	Pinocarvone	1586	0.8	tr	0.5
37	β-Ylangene	1589	—	0.3	—
38	Bornyl acetate	1597	—	0.4	3.9
39	β-Elemene	1600	0.3	0.1	—
40	β-Gurjunene	1610	—	0.6	0.1
41	Terpinen-4-ol	1611	0.6	—	0.8
42	β-Caryophyllene	1612	—	1.9	—
43	6,9-Guaiadiene	1617	—	1.2	0.8
44	Aromadendrene	1628	—	—	0.4
45	trans-p.-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol	1639	0.1	0.2	—
46	Myrtenal	1648	1.1	0.1	0.5
47	γ-Elemene	1650	—	0.1	—
48	Sabinyl acetate	1658	—	—	12.4
49	(Z.)-β-Farnesene	1668	0.6	1.1	—
50	trans.-Pinocarveol	1670	1.2	0.4	—
51	δ-Terpineol	1682	—	0.2	—
52	trans.-Verbenol	1683	—	—	3.5
53	α-Humulene	1687	1.0	0.9	—
54	α-Terpineol	1706	0.3	0.7	0.2
55	Borneol	1719	0.6	1.9	2.5
56	Germacrene D	1726	1.7	1.1	1.1
57	(Z.,E.)-α-Farnesene	1737	—	0.4	—
58	Carvone	1751	0.2	—	0.3
59	Bicyclogermacrene	1755	—	0.2	—
60	(E.,E.)-α-Farne sene	1758	—	0.4	—
61	Naphthalene	1763	—	—	0.1
62	δ-Cadinene	1773	0.2	0.4	0.1
63	γ-Cadinene	1776	—	0.2	0.6
64	ar.-Curcumene	1786	—	0.1	—
65	p.-Methyl acetophenone	1797	0.1	—	tr
66	Cumin aldehyde	1802	—	—	0.6
67	Myrtenol	1804	1.0	0.4	—
68	2-Tridecanone	1815	0.1	—	—
69	(E.)-β-Damascenone	1838	—	—	0.1
70	trans.-Carveol	1845	tr	0.1	0.7
71	Calamenene	1853	—	0.6	0.1
72	Germacrene-B	1854	0.3	—	—
73	p.-Cymen-8-ol	1864	—	—	0.4
74	(E.)-Geranyl acetone	1868	tr	0.1	—
75	cis.-Carveol	1882	tr	0.1	—
76	epi.-Cubebol	1900	0.2	0.1	—
77	α-Calacorene	1941	—	0.1	—
78	trans.-Jasmone	1948	—	0.1	—
79	Palustrol	1953	0.3	—	—
80	Cubebol	1957	0.5	0.1	0.3
81	cis.-Jasmone	1969	—	tr	—
82	2-Phenylethyl-2-methylbutyrate	1988	—	0.1	—
83	Isocaryophyllene oxide	2001	—	0.3	—
84	Caryophyllene oxide	2008	0.3	2.5	2.4
85	Salvial-4( 14)-en-1 -one	2037	0.2	0.1	—
86	Ledol	2057	0.3	—	—
87	Humulene epoxide-II	2071	0.6	0.8	—
88	p.-Mentha-1,4-dien-7-ol	2073	—	—	0.4
89	Cubenol	2080	—	—	0.2
90	β-Oplopenone	2092	—	0.2	—
91	Furopelargone B	2109	—	0.2	3.8
92	Spathulenol	2144	—	0.9	0.5
93	Valeranone	2145	0.3	—	—
94	T-Cadinol	2187	—	—	1.4
95	Thymol	2198	0.2	—	—
96	T-Muurolol	2209	0.2	—	—
97	Carvacrol	2239	—	—	0.2
98	α-Eudesmol	2250	0.1	0.1	—
99	β-Eudesmol	2257	0.1	0.4	1.9
100	Caryophylla-2(12),6(13)-dien-5α-ol (caryophylladienol II)	2324	—	—	0.4
101	Isopimaradiene	2349	0.2		—
102	Caryophylla-2(12),6-dien-5β-ol	2392	—	0.4	0.4
103	1-Octadecanol	2607	—	—	—
104	14-Hydroxy-δ-cadinene	2607	0.1	—	—
105	Nonacosane	2900	—	0.1	—
	Monoterpene hydrocarbons		49.4	36.5	2.0
	Oxygenated monoterpenes		32.5	32.7	59.8
	Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons		4.3	11.0	3.2
	Oxygenated sesquiterpenes		3.2	5.9	7.5
	Others		0.5	1.5	4.3
	Total		89.9	87.6	76.8

^a.Sequence of the compounds is listed according to relative retention indices (RRIs).

^b.RRIs, relative retention indices calculated against n.-alkanes on a polar column. % calculated from TIC data.

^c.tr, trace (< 0.1%)

Table 3.. Effects of Salvia. essential oils in the CAM assay.

Test samples	Score*	Irritation (%)	Toxicity Concentration (%)	Concentration (µg/pellet)
S. hedgeana.	0.3±0.1	18±10	—	100
S. huberi.	0.1±0.2	27±15	—	100
S. pisidica.	0.2±0.2	18±10	—	100
Agarose (Blank)	0.2±0.1	—	14±8	2.5%, w/v
Suramin (Positive control)	0.5±0.2	—	—	50
LaPSvS1 (Positive control)	1.2±0.2	—	—	50
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)(Negative control)	0.1±0.1	85±5	18±5	50

CAM, chorioallantoic membrane.