Muscarinic Receptor Activity of Some Malaysian Plant Species

Figures & data

Table 1.. Percent inhibition of extracts (50 µg/well) on specific binding to muscarinic receptor.

No.	Voucher no.	Family	Species	Part^a.	Inhibition^b.
1	43264	Alangiaceae	Alangium ebenaceum.	L	+
2	143521		Alangium griffithii.	B	+
3	143521			L	±
4	43303	Anacardiaceae	Bouea macrophylla.	L	±
5	43304		Bouea oppositifolia.	L	3 +
6	143516		Buchanania insignis.	B	±
7	143516			L	±
8	143370		Semicarpus leneatus.	L	+
9	143374	Annonaceae	Artabotrys roseus.	B	±
10	143374			L	±
11	143523			B	2 +
12	143523			L	±
13	143377		Desmos chinensis.	B	±
14	143377			L	±
15	143358		Eniscosanthum grandiflorum.	L	+
16	143362		Goniothalamus woodii.	B	±
17	143362			L	±
18	133834		Goniothalamus gigantifolius.	L	±
19	145372			L	+
20	145372			S	+
21	143506		Neouvaria acuminatiisima.	B	3 +
22	143506			L	+
23	143509		Orophea corymbosa.	B	±
24	143509			L	±
25	143511		Polyalthia insignis.	B	3 +
26	143511			L	±
27	143502		Polyalthia longipes.	B	3 +
28	143502			L	+
29	145376		Polyalthia microtus.	B	4 +
30	145376			L	+
31	143524		Polyalthia rumphii.	L	3 +
32	143524			R	±
33	143395		Popowia odoardoi.	B	4 +
34	145365			S	3 +
35	143368		Uvaria rufa.	B	±
36	143368			L	±
37	143507		Xylopia malayana.	B	+
38	143507			L	+
39	43125	Apocynaceae	Dyera costulata.	L	±
40	145362		Kopsia dasyrachis.	L	+
41	145362			S	2 +
42	145361	Burseraceae	Canarium denticulatum.	B	2 +
43	145361			L	+
44	143522		Canarium hirsutum.	B	+
45	143522			F	±
46	43302		Dacryodes rugosa.	L	+
47	43306		Santiria griffithii.	L	+
48	43127		Santiria laevigata.	L	3 +
49	43127			S	±
50	43350	Caesalpiniaceae	Peltophorum pterocarpum.	L	2 +
51	43309	Chrysobalanaceae	Maranthes corymbosa.	S	+
52	43320	Combretaceae	Terminalia superba.	L	±
53	143381	Cornaceae	Chionanthus laxiflorus.	B	±
54	143381			L	±
55	43344	Cupressaceae	Dacrydium becarii.	L	+
56	43344			S	2 +
57	43345		Dacrydium elatum.	L	+
58	43345			S	±
59	143503	Dichapetalaceae	Dichapetalum gelonioides.	B	±
60	143503			L	±
61	43308	Dipterocarpaceae	Anisoptera costata.	L	+
62	43124		Hopea dryobalanoides.	L	2 +
63	43124			T	2 +
64	43112		Neobalanocarpus heimii.	L	2 +
65	43134		Shorea parvifolia.	L	+
66	43134			S	2 +
67	43324		Upuna borneensis.	L	2 +
68	43324			S	2 +
69	143504	Ebenaceae	Diospyros cauliflora.	B	±
70	143504			L	±
71	143519		Diospyros tuberculata.	B	+
72	143519			L	±
73	43273	Elaeocarpaceae	Elaeocarpus petiolaris.	L	±
74	145393	Euphorbiaceae	Borneodendron aenigmaticum.	B	±
75	145393			L	±
76	145400		Mallotus griffithianus.	B	±
77	145400			L	±
78	145371		Mallotus wrayi.	L	2 +
79	43108		Phyllanthus emblica	L	+
80	43108			T	+
81	43338		Phyllanthus pectinata.	L	+
82	43137	Fagaceae	Castanopsis inermis.	L	+
83	43323	Flacourtiaceae	Flacourtia rukam.	L	+
84	145388		Homalium panayanum.	B	±
85	145388			L	±
86	43123	Gittiferae	Mesua ferra.	L	2 +
87	145398	Guttiferae	Calophyllum blancoi.	B	±
88	145377		Calophyllum gracilipes.	B	+
89	145377			L	±
90	145385		Calophyllum nodosum.	B	±
91	145385			L	−
92	133842		Garcinia brianii.	B	2 +
93	133842			L	+
94	133846		Garcinia cuspidate.	B	±
95	142698		Garcinia parvifolia.	L	2 +
96	142674		Garcinia rostrata.	L	±
97	43279	Ixonanthaceae	Ixonanthes reticulata.	L	2 +
98	145368	Lauraceae	Litsea garciae.	B	2 +
99	145380		Litsea sessilis.	B	2 +
100	43339		Persea Americana.	L	2 +
101	143388	Leguminosae	Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo.	B	±
102	143388			L	±
103	43129		Millettia atropurpurea.	L	±
104	43138		Sindora echinocalyx.	L	+
105	43138			T	+
106	143360		Spatholobus macropterus.	B	±
107	143360			L	±
108	43144	Magnoliaceae	Aromadendron elegans.	L	2 +
109	143392	Meliaceae	Aglaia affinis.	B	+
110	143392			L	−
111	143393		Aglaia argentea.	B	±
112	143393			L	±
113	143366		Aglaia shawiana.	B	±
114	143366			L	±
115	43105		Aglaia korthalsii.	L	±
116	143361		Aglaia rivularis.	B	±
117	143361			L	±
118	143376		Chisocheton polyandra.	B	±
119	143376			L	±
120	143512		Chisocheton erythrocarpus.	B	±
121	143512			F	±
122	143512			L	+
123	145367		Chisocheton macranthus.	B	±
124	145367			F	+
125	145367			L	2 +
126	143513		Chisocheton pentandrus.	B	2 +
127	143513			L	+
128	142663		Chisocheton polyandrous.	L	±
129	143355		Dysoxylum ramiflorum.	B	±
130	143355			L	+
131	143364		Dysoxylum rugulosum.	B	+
132	143364			L	±
133	43104		Sandoricum koetjape.	L	2 +
134	43104			T	3 +
135	43143		Walsura chrysogene.	L	2 +
136	145378	Menispermaceae	Fibraurea chloroleuca.	F	±
137	145378			L	+
138	143518	Moraceae	Ficus septica.	L	3 +
139	145397	Myrtaceae	Decaspermum fruticosum.	B	2 +
140	145397			L	2 +
141	145392	Ochnaceae	Gomphia serrata.	B	+
142	145392			L	±
143	43111	Olaceae	Ochanostachys amentacea.	L	±
144	145396	Oleaceae	Chionanthus crispus.	B	±
145	145396			L	±
146	143359	Piperaceae	Piper officinarum.	L	±
147	143359			S	±
148	43307	Podocarpaceae	Xanthophyllum stipitatum.	L	+
149	43329	Rhamnaceae	Maesopsis eminii.	L	±
150	145373		Vantilago dichotoma.	S	+
151	143525	Rhizophoraceae	Carallia borneensis.	L	±
152	43348		Carallia suffruticosa.	L	2 +
153	145363	Rubiaceae	Gardenia tubifera.	L	+
154	145395		Morinda rigida.	B	±
155	145395			L	±
156	145395			S	±
157	145364		Praravinia suberosa.	B	±
158	145364			L	±
159	145382		Psychotria sarmentosa.	L	±
160	145384		Timonius flavescens.	B	±
161	145384			L	±
162	145366	Rutaceae	Clausena excavata.	B	±
163	145366			L	±
164	143391		Melicope accedens.	B	±
165	143391			L	−
166	143375		Melicope incana.	B	±
167	143375			L	−
168	143367		Melicope luna-akenda.	L	±
169	143369		Melicope subunifoliata.	B	3 +
170	143369			L	2 +
171	143389		Micromelum minutum.	B	±
172	143389			L	±
173	43325	Sapindaceae	Amesiodendron chinense.	L	+
174	43325			S	2 +
175	43337		Dimocarpus longan.	L	2 +
176	43337			S	2 +
177	43327		Lepisanthes alata.	F	±
178	43327			S	2 +
179	43106		Nephelium lappaceum.	T	±
180	43310		Nephelium maingayi.	L	2 +
181	43341		Nephelium rambutanake.	L	+
182	43341			S	2 +
183	43110		Pometia pinnata.	L	2 +
184	43110			T	2 +
185	143514		Walsura pinnata.	B	+
186	143514			L	±
187	43334	Sapotaceae	Mimusops elengi.	L	2 +
188	43334			S	±
189	43347		Palaquim maingayi.	L	+
190	43347			S	+
191	143520	Scyphostegiaceae	Scyphostegia borneensis.	B	±
192	143520			L	±
193	43145	Simaroubaceae	Irvingia malayana.	L	2 +
194	133822		Quassia indica.	B	±
195	43311	Sterculiaceae	Heritiera simplicifolia.	S	2 +
196	145381		Sterculia stipulata.	B	±
197	145381			L	±
198	143385	Theaceae	Schima wallichi.	B	+
199	143385			L	−
200	145383		Schima wallichii.	B	±
201	145383			L	±
202	43275	Tiliaceae	Pentace triptera.	L	±
203	145391	Ulmaceae	Gironniera subaequaelis.	L	±
204	145375	Urticaceae	Dendrocnide elliptica.	B	±
205	145375			L	±
206	145387		Leucosyke winklerii.	B	+
207	145387			L	±
208	143378	Verbenaceae	Callicarpa havillandii.	B	−
209	143378			L	±
210	106702		Callicarpa erioclona.	B	+
211	133850		Callicarpa farinose.	B	±
212	133849		Callicarpa fulvohirsuta.	B	+
213	145389		Callicarpa havilandii.	B	+
214	145389			L	±
215	145374		Callicarpa longifolia.	L	+
216	106701		Callicarpa stapfii.	B	2 +
217	106701			L	2 +
218	143372		Sphenodesme triflora.	B	−
219	143372			L	±
220	145386		Stachytarpeta jamaicencis.	S	−
221	43322		Vitex pubescens.	L	±
222	145370	Vitaceae	Leea indica.	B	2 +
223	145370			L	±
224	145379	Zingerberaceae	Alpinia fraseriana.	S	±

Extracts were dissolved in 50% DMSO to give a concentration of 2 mg/ml for testing; 25-µl aliquots tested.

^a.B, bark; F, fruit; L, leaf; R, root; S, stem; T, twigs.

^b.4 +, inhibition of 81–100%; 3 +, inhibition of 61–80%; 2 +, inhibition of 41–60%; +, inhibition of 21–40%;±, inhibition of 1–20%; −, no inhibition.

Table 2.. Percent inhibition of extracts (10 µg/well) on specific binding to muscarinic receptor.

No.	Voucher no.	Family	Species	Part^a.	Inhibition^b.
1	43304	Anacardiaceae	Bouea oppositifolia.	L	±
2	143506	Annonaceae	Neouvaria acuminatiisima.	B	+
3	143511		Polyalthia insignis.	B	±
4	143502		Polyalthia longipes.	B	±
5	145376		Polyalthia microtus.	B	+
6	143524		Polyalthia rumphii.	L	+
7	145365		Popowia odoardoi.	S	+
8	43125	Apocynaceae	Dyera costulata.	L	+
9	43123		Mesua ferra.	L	±
10	43127	Burseraceae	Santiria laevigata.	L	±
11	43124	Dipterocarpaceae	Hopea dryobalanoides.	L	+
12	43112		Neobalanocarpus heimii.	L	+
13	145368	Lauraceae	Litsea garciae.	B	±
14	43104	Meliaceae	Sandoricum koetjape.	T	±
15	43104			L	±
16	143518	Moraceae	Ficus septica.	L	3 +
17	43111	Olaceae	Ochanostachys amentacea.	L	+
18	43325	Sapindaceae	Amesiodendron chinense.	S	±
19	43110		Pometia pinnata.	L	+
20	43110			T	±
21	106701	Verbenaceae	Callicarpa stapfii.	B	+

Extracts were dissolved in 50% DMSO to give a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml for testing; 25-µl aliquots tested.

^a.B, bark; F, fruit; L, leaf; R, root; S, stem; T, twigs.

^b.4 +, inhibition of 81–100%; 3 +, inhibition of 61–80%; 2 +, inhibition of 41–60%; +, inhibition of 21–40%; ±, inhibition of 1–20%; −, no inhibition.

Figure 1 Some alkaloids isolated from Ficus. species (Baumgartner et al., 1990; Buckingham, 1994; Peraza-Sanchez et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2002).

Figure 2 Some alkaloids isolated from Popowia. species (Jossang et al., 1986).

Figure 3 Some alkaloids isolated from Polyalthia. species (Jossang et al., 1977; Marsaioli et al., 1977; Connolly et al., 1996; Said et al., 2003).

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