3D bioprinted scaffolds of polysaccharide hydrogels in osteochondral and cartilage tissue engineering

Figures & data

Figure 1. Represent chemical structure of polysaccharide-based hydrogels. agarose is consisting of β-(1–4) (3pc6)-dehydrated-L-galactose (left) and α-(1–3)-D-galactose (right). Hyaluronic acid (HA) is composed of alternating residues of β-D-(1–3) glucuronic acid (left) and β-D-(1–4)-N-acetylglucosamine (right). Alginate is composed of a linear copolymer of β- (1–4)-linked l-guluronic acid units and α-L-guluronic acid residues.

Table 1. Summary of different polysaccharide-based hydrogel as bioinks for osteochondral and cartilage tissue engineering.

Hydrogel bioink	Seed cells	Bioprinting method	Outcomes	Ref.
Agarose	Human MSCs	Extrusion-based bioprinting	Promote ECM synthesis and cell viablity	[12]
Chitosan	Chondrocyte, IFP-ASCs	Extrusion-based printing	highly biocompatible and mechanical properties	[13]
Chitosan	Infrapatellar fat pad adipose stem cells (IPFP-ASCs)	Extrusion-based printing	Promote stem cell chondrogenesis	[14]
Carboxymethyl chitosan	Rabbit chondrocytes	Extrusion-based printing	Enhance essential cartilage matrix formation	[15]
Dextran	Equine articular chondrocytes	Pneumatic dispensing	Highly biocompatible,appropriate mechanical properties	[16]
Gelatin	MSCs	Extrusion-based printing	Induce hyaline-like cartilage formatin	[17]
Gelatin methacryloyl (gelMA)	ACPCs, BMSCs, chondrocytes	Extrusion-based printing	Promote cartilage regeneration	[18]
Hyaluronic acid	Bovine chondrocytes	Extrusion-based printing	Support cell viability	[19]
Hyaluronic acid	Chondrocyte, osteoblast	Extrusion-based printing	Maintaine cell viablity, promote osteogenic and chondrogenic	[20]
Hyaluronic acid	Chondrocytes	Pneumatic dispensing	Maintain chondrocyte viability	[21]
Agarose/alginate	Bovine articular chondrocytes	Extrusion-based bioprinting	Excellent mechanical and rheological properties	[22]
Agarose/chitosan	hMSCs	Extrusion-based bioprinting	High cell survival ratio, support osteogensis	[23]
Gelatin/fibrinogen	Human bone MCS	3D bioprinting by bioextrusion	Promote chondrogenesis and cell attachment	[24]
Fibrin/HA gel	Rabbit chondrocytes	3D bioprinting bioinks	Provide micro-environment for the cartilage regeneration	[25]
Alginate Sulfate-Nanocellulose	Articular cartilage (calves)	Extrusion-based 3D printing techniques	Supports chondrocyte phenotype and cell proliferation	[26]
Alginate/nanocellulose	Human chondrocytes	3D bioprinting bioinks	Adapte to 3D bioprinting of scaffolds with living cells	[27]
Gelatin/hydroxyapatite	Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs)	Extrusion-based 3D printing	Promote chondrogenesis	[28]
Gelatin/Sodium Alginate/n-HAP	Mouse chondrocytes	Extrusion-based bioprinting	Promote cell adhesion, cell proliferation and survival	[29]
Alginate-HA	Human chondrocytes	3D extrusion-based bioprinting	High biocompatibility, induce cartilage differentiation and ECM secretion	[30]
Alginate- methyl cellulose	Bovine primary chondrocytes	3D-bioplotting	Able to 3D bioprinting, promote cell survival and proteoglycan matrix production	[31]
Nanofibrillated cellulose/Alginate/HA	Human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)	3D bioprinting	More appertain for 3D-printing-based fabrication and enable cartilage regeneration	[32]

Figure 2. Bioink preparation and 3D bioprint assembly with different alginate concentrations and it’s effects on bone mineralization and osteoblast maturation. Adapted from the study from ref [42] with permission of copyright © 2023 elsevier B.V., open access.

Figure 3. Schematic illustrate of 3D printing bi-layered scaffold for osteochondral defects regeneration.

Figure 4. (a) schematic of the synthesis process of Sil-MA hydrogel. (b) osteochondral defect repair in rabbits with integral bilayer silk scaffold were evaluated in the regenerated area and by safranin-O/fast-green staining. (c)the ICRS scores and micro CT were used to evaluate the BMD (g/cm³), BV/TV (%), and th (μm) values of bone remodeling. Reproduced with permission from ref [85]. Copyright © 2023 elsevier B.V.

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