Antimicrobial resistance and carbapenemase dissemination in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Libyan hospitals: a call for surveillance and intervention

Figures & data

Table 1. The primers used in PCR to screen for the relevant genes.

TargetGenes	Primer	Primer sequence (5’to 3’)	Product size (bp)	Reference
P.aeruginosa 16S rDNA	Pa-SS (F) Pa-SS (R)	-GGGGGATCTTCGGACCTCA- -TCCTTAGAGTGCCCACCCG-	956	[15]
blaCTXM	CTX-M(F) CTX-M(R)	-GACGATGTCACTGGCTGAGC- -AGCCGCCGACGCTAATACA-	550	[2]
blaTEM	TEM-A TEM-B	-ATAAAATTCTTGAAGAC- -TTACCAATGCTTAATCA-	1,075	[16]
blaSHV-1	SHV-(F) SHV-(R)	-TGGTTATGCGTTATATTCGCC- -GCTTAGCGTTGCCAGTGCT-	930	[17]
blaGES-1	GES-1(F) GES-1(R)	-CTATTACTGGCAGGGATCG- -CCTCTCAATGGTGTGGGT-	594	[18]
blaKPC	KPC (F) KPC (R)	-ATGTCACTGTATCGCCGTCT- -TTACTGCCCGTTGACGCCCA-	798	[19]
blaNDM	NDM (F) NDM (R)	-GGTTTGGCGATCTGGTTTTC- -CGGAATGGCTCATCACGATC-	621	[20]

Figure 1. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates.

Figure 2. The distribution of selected resistance genes among the isolates.

Figure 3. The ability to form biofilms by P. aeruginosa isolates.

Spilker T, Coenye T, Vandamme P, et al. PCR-Based assay for differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other pseudomonas species recovered from cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(5):2074–2079. doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.5.2074-2079.2004

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bokaeian M, Shahraki Zahedani, Shahram M, et al. Frequency of PER, VEB, SHV, TEM and CTX-M Genes in resistant strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa producing extended spectrum β-lactamases. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8(1):13783.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pitout JDD, Gregson DB, Poirel L, et al. Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing metallo-β-lactamases in a large centralized laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(7):3129. doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.7.3129-3135.2005

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nanvazadeh F, Khosravi AD, Zolfaghari MR, et al. Genotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients by RAPD-PCR. Burns. 2013;39(7):1409–1413. doi: 10.1016/J.BURNS.2013.03.008

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fatima A, Naqvi SB, Khaliq SA, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients of lower respiratory tract infections. Springerplus. 2012;1(1):1–4. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-70

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Akpaka PE, Swanston WH, Ihemere HN, et al. Emergence of KPC-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Trinidad and tobago. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(8):2670. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00362-09

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nordmann P, Poirel L, Carrër A, et al. How to detect NDM-1 producers. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(2):718–721. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01773-10

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Data availability statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary material.