Enhanced bioactivity of glass ionomer cement by incorporating calcium silicates

Figures & data

Figure 1. XRD patterns: (A) Wollastonite and (B) MTA powder.

Figure 2. SEM micrographs: (A) Wollastonite and (B) MTA powder.

Table 1. Initial and final setting times for wollastonite modified cements.

Cement	Initial setting time (S)	Final setting time (S)
GIC	240	600
10% wollastonite	300	600
20% wollastonite	300	600
30% wollastonite	300	600

Table 2. Initial and final setting times for MTA modified cements.

Cement	Concentration of tartaric acid	(Glass+MTA):PAA:Tartaric acid solution (weight ratio)	Initial setting time (S)	Final setting time (S)
GIC control	10%	1:0.4:0.6	240	600
10%MTA	10%	1:0.4:0.6	240	660
20%MTA	10%	1:0.4:0.6	–	–
20%MTA	20%	1:0.4:0.6	240	690
30%MTA	20%	1:0.4:0.6	–	–
30%MTA	20%	1:0.4:0.8	–	–
30%MTA	30%	1:0.4:0.8	570	900

Figure 3. Compressive strength of GIC with wollastonite and MTA. Test groups with the same superscript letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05 level (one-way ANOVA, LSD's test).

Figure 4. pH changes of solution over a period of 7days. GIC with (A) Wollastonite in SBF (B) Wollastonite in water (C) MTA in SBF (D) MTA in water.

Figure 5. SEM images of the cements with wollastonite after soaking in SBF solution. (A) GIC after 1h, (B) GIC after 7 d, (C) 10% wollastonite after 1 h (D) 10% wollastonite after 7 d, (E) 20% wollastonite after 1h, (F) 20% wollastonite after 7 d, (g) 30% wollastonite after 1h, (h) 30% wollastonite after 7 d.

Figure 6. SEM images of the cements with MTA after soaking in SBF solution. (A) 10% MTA after 1 h (B) 10% MTA after 7 d, (C) 20% MTA after 1 h, (D) 20% MTA after 7 d, (E) 30% MTA after 1 h, (F) 30% MTA after 7 d.

Figure 7. EDX analysis: (A) GIC (B) 20% wollastonite (C) 20% MTA. The specimen was immerged in the SBF for 7 d at 37°C.

Table 3. Initial and final setting times for wollastonite and MTA modified commercial luting cements.

Cement	Concentration of tartaric acid	P:L(weight ratio)	Initial setting time (S)	Final setting time (S)
GIC control	0%	0.5:0.25	360	540
20% wollastonite	0%	0.5:0.25	–	–
20% wollastonite	0%	0.5:0.3	–	–
20% wollastonite	10%	0.5:0.3	300	660
20% MTA	0%	0.5:0.25	–	–
20% MTA	10%	0.5:0.25	–	–
20% MTA	10%	0.5:0.3	–	–
20% MTA	20%	0.5:0.3	–	–
20% MTA	20%	0.5:0.35	300	720

Figure 8. Compressive strength of GIC modified by wollastonite and MTA, after storage in distilled water for 1 d, 7 d and 14 d. Test groups with the same superscript letter are not significantly different at P < 0 .05 level (one-way ANOVA, LSD's test).

Figure 9. XRD spectra of the cements after hardening for 1 d, 7 d and 14 d in SBF.

Figure 10. SEM images of the cements after soaking in SBF solution. (A) GIC after 1 h, (B) GIC after 14 d, (C) 20% wollastonite after 1 h (D) 20% wollastonite after 14 d, (E) 20% MTA after 1 h, (F) 20% MTA after 14 d.

Figure 11. EDX of commercial GIC modified by wollastonite and MTA: (A) GIC (B) 20% wollastonite (C) 20% MTA. The specimen was immerged in the SBF for 14 d at 37°C.

Figure 12. Possible mechanism for the reaction of glass ionomer cement, MTA and tartaric acid.