How to integrate addiction medicine in psychiatry training: results of an experiment with two educational methods

Figures & data

Table 1. Reader for the workshop on addiction and psychiatry.

Definition of addiction, assessment and diagnosis of substance-related disorders,

ISAM-ASAM. DEFINITIONS OF ADDICTION. 2015.

Spithoff, S., & Kahan, M. (2015). Primary care management of alcohol use disorder and at-risk drinking:

Part 1: Screening and assessment. Canadian Family Physician, 61(6), 509–514.

Epidemiology, including burden of disease

Laramee, P., Kusel, J., Leonard, S., Aubin, H. J., Francois, C., & Daeppen, J. B. (2013). The economic burden of alcohol dependence in Europe. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 48(3), 259–269.

Sacks, J. J., Gonzales, K. R., Bouchery, E. E., Tomedi, L. E., & Brewer, R. D. (2015). 2010 national and state costs of excessive alcohol consumption. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(5), e73–e79.

van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P., van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: Systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(1–2), 23–35.

Gabel, S. (2013). Demoralization in health professional practice: Development, amelioration, and implications for continuing education. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 33(2), 118–126.

Pathophysiology, including genetics and neurobiology

Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2016). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. The New England Journal of Medicine, 374(4), 363–371.

Hall, F. S., Drgonova, J., Jain, S., & Uhl, G. R. (2013). Implications of genome wide association studies for addiction: Are our a priori assumptions all wrong? Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 140(3), 267–279.

Naqvi, N. H., Gaznick, N., Tranel, D., & Bechara, A. (2014). The insula: A critical neural substrate for craving and drug seeking under conflict and risk. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1316, 53–70.

Koob, G. F. (2015). The dark side of emotion: The addiction perspective. European Journal of Pharmacology, 753, 73–87.

Treatment of substance-related disorders

Koob, G. F., & Mason, B. J. (2016). Existing and future drugs for the treatment of the dark side of addiction. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 56, 299–322.

Spithoff, S., & Kahan, M. (2015). Primary care management of alcohol use disorder and at-risk drinking: Part 2: counsel, prescribe, connect. Canadian Family Physician, 61(6), 515–521.

Spithoff, S., & Kahan, M. (2015). Paradigm shift: Moving the management of alcohol use disorders from specialized care to primary care. Canadian Family Physician, 61(6), 491–493, 5–7.

Best, D. W., & Lubman, D. I. (2012). The recovery paradigm – A model of hope and change for alcohol and drug addiction. Australian Family Physician, 41(8), 593–597.

Psychiatric comorbidity

Hunt, G. E., Siegfried, N., Morley, K., Sitharthan, T., & Cleary, M. (2013). Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10, CD001088.

Beaulieu, S., Saury, S., Sareen, J., Tremblay, J., Schutz, C. G., McIntyre, R. S., et al. (2012). The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid substance use disorders. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 24(1), 38–55.

McHugh, R. K. (2015). Treatment of co-occurring anxiety disorders and substance use disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23(2), 99–111.

Ruglass, L. M., Lopez-Castro, T., Cheref, S., Papini, S., & Hien, D. A. (2014). At the crossroads: The intersection of substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(11), 505.

Table 2. Opinions about the two educational methods (Using a scale of 5 being the highest to 1 the lowest), except for the last three items (1–10)

What do you think?	Small Group (N = 11)	Seminar (N = 36)	t-value	p
Overall, I would rate my experience in the group	4.27 (0.79)	4.03 (0.77)	−.915	.365
I enjoyed working with other residents in the group	4.64 (0.67)	4.03 (0.94)	−1.988	.053
I enjoyed working with the moderators in the group	4.73 (0.65)	4.42 (0.81)	−1.165	.250
I learned new skills and am willing to use them in my practices	3.91 (0.70)	4.31 (0.86)	1.397	.169
If other residents ask me if they should participate in a similar group, I would recommend that they ‘give-it-a-try’	4.91 (0.30)	4.58 (0.73)	−1.431	.159
Most positive activity in which I have participated for a long time	4.09 (0.70)	3.72 (0.97)	−1.163	.251
Gave me a lot of direction with my needs	4.27 (0.65)	3.72 (0.91)	−1.844	.070
I learned a lot about myself and am ready to make definite changes	3.91 (0.83)	3.11 (0.95)	−2.505	.016
I did not get as much as I had hoped out of the group	1.55 (0.93)	2.08 (1.16)	1.406	.167
The group was a waste of my time	1.09 (0.30)	1.33 (0.72)	1.086	.283
Regarding the literature for the seminar I am(1–10)	–	7.92 (2.09)
Regarding the way the moderator dealt with the group and me I am(1–10)	–	8.78 (2.10)
I give the following score for the total seminar (1–10)	9.18 (0.98)	8.72 (0.98)	1.008	.319