Smallholder farmers vulnerability to climate change in Tigray, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of study of sites in Tigray regional state.

Table 1. Mean LVI—IPCC contributing factors calculation for Tahtay Koraro and atsbi wombert districts, Tigray

Vulnerability class	Tahtay Koraro (n = 60)	Atsbi Wombert (n = 60)	Total (n = 120)	P_Value
Exposure	0.618 ± 0.176^a	0.579 ± 0.111^a	0.595 ± 0.144	0.131
Adaptive capacity	0.553 ± 0.113^a	0.523 ± 0.104^a	0.538 ± 0.109	0.064
Sensitivity	0.524 ± 0.167^a	0.467 ± 0.160^a	0.496 ± 0.166	0.064
LVI—IPCC	0.045 ± 0.108^6	0.030 ± 0.075^a	0.03 ± 0.112	0.386

Different letters indicate significant differences between the two communities and similar letters show no significant at p < 0.05.

Figure 2. Subcomponents of adaptive capacity in Atsbi Womberta.

Figure 3. Subcomponents of adaptive capacity in Tahtay Koraro.

Figure 4. The total mean LVI—IPCC by households.

Figure 5. LVI_IPCC by households of the two community.

Figure 6. Vulnerability triangle diagram of the contributing factors of LVI_IPCC.

Table

Major components	Subcomponents	Community
		Tahtay Koraro	Atsbi Womberta
Demographic profile	Dependency ratio	0.136	0.151
	Age of household head	0.588	0.545
	Sex household head	0.567	0.517
	Educational level HH	0.250	0.167
	Family size	0.751	0.713
Livelihood strategies	Farming experience	0.393	0.406
	Land size	0.010	0.004
	Land certification status	0.057	0.053
	Practice of livestock rearing	0.833	0.817
	Practice of crop production	0.932	0.950
	Livestock size	0.067	0.071
	Crop income	0.049	0.021
	Access to safety net program	0.644	0.492
Infrastructure and social networks	Access to market information	0.433	0.517
	Access to credit and saving service	0.967	0.883
	Women’s participation in decision making process	0.850	0.864
	Access to school	1.000	0.983
Water resources	Access to clean drinking	0.831	0.667
	Availability of irrigation water	0.300	0.339
Degree of sensitivity	Dependence on rain fed crop cultivation	0.864	0.930
	Dependence on poor livestock breads	0.757	0.597
	Dependence on forest products	0.509	0.506
	Dependence on poor variety crops	0.707	0.725
	Farming landscape quality	0.660	0.667
	Settlement area sensitive to flood	0.339	0.268
	Farmland area sensitive to flood	0.429	0.305
	Farmland area sensitive to landslide	0.217	0.128
	Settlement area sensitive to landslide	0.196	0.116
Level of exposure	Drought on crops and livestock productivity	0.763	0.902
	Damage by erosion and flooding	0.616	0.454
	Strong wind on crops	0.661	0.610
	Hailstorm on crops	0.515	0.644
	Extreme heat on livestock health	0.497	0.170
	Delay on rainfall onset	0.836	0.856
	Erratic nature of rainfall	0.825	0.864